INTRODUCTION: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW 1
I. Brief Review of Organic Chemistry 1
II. Acids, Bases, and Buffers 1
III. Carbohydrate Structure 4
IV. Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids 9
V. Amino Acids 11
VI. Lipids 14
VII. Membranes 16
VIII. Nucleotides 18
Review Test 19

1. PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 23
   I. General Aspects of Protein Structure 23
   II. Examples of Medically Important Proteins 28
   Review Test 34
2. ENZYMES 38
   I. General Properties of Enzymes 38
   II. Dependence of Velocity on Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations,
   Temperature, and pH 39
   III. The Michaelis-Menten Equation 40
   IV. The Lineweaver-Burk Plot 41
   V. Inhibitors 41
   VI. Allosteric Enzymes 43

VII. Regulation of Enzyme Activity by Post-Translational (Covalent)
Modification 44
VIII. Regulation by Protein–Protein Interactions 44
IX. Isoenzymes 45
Review Test 46

3. BIOCHEMISTRY OF DIGESTION 50
   I. Digestion of Carbohydrates 50
   II. Digestion of Dietary Triacylglycerol 51
   III. Protein Digestion and Amino Acid Absorption 54
   Review Test 57
4. GLYCOLYSIS 63
   I. General Overview 63
   II. Transport of Glucose into Cells 63
   III. Reactions of Glycolysis 64
   IV. Special Reactions in Red Blood Cells 66
   V. Regulatory Enzymes of Glycolysis 66
   VI. The Fate of Pyruvate 68
   VII. Generation of Adenosine Triphosphate by Glycolysis 69
   Review Test 72
5. THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, ELECTRON
   TRANSPORT CHAIN, AND OXIDATIVE METABOLISM 77
   I. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 77
   II. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 85
   III. Reactive Oxygen Species 90
   Review Test 93
6. GLYCOGEN METABOLISM 97
   I. Overview of Glycogen Structure and Metabolism 97
   II. Glycogen Structure 97
   III. Glycogen Synthesis 97
   IV. Glycogen Degradation 100
   V. Lysosomal Degradation of Glycogen 101
   VI. Regulation of Glycogen Degradation 102
   VII. Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis 104
   Review Test 105

7. GLUCONEOGENESIS AND THE MAINTENANCE
   OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS 109
   I. Overview 109
   II. Reactions of Gluconeogenesis 109
   III. Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels 114
   Review Test 119
8. MISCELLANEOUS CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 123
   I. Fructose and Galactose Metabolism 123
   II. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 126
   III. Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids 129
   Review Test 133
9. FATTY ACID METABOLISM 137
   I. Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Synthesis 137
   II. Formation of Triacylglycerol Stores in Adipose Tissue 141
   III. Fatty Acid Oxidation 142
   IV. High Yield Comparison from Fatty Acid Synthesis and
   Oxidation 146
   Review Test 147
10. CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM AND BLOOD
    LIPOPROTEINS 151
    I. Cholesterol and Bile Salt Metabolism 151
    II. Blood Lipoproteins 155
    Review Test 159
11. KETONES AND OTHER LIPID DERIVATIVES 163
    I. Ketone Body Synthesis and Utilization 163
    II. Phospholipid and Sphingolipid Metabolism 165
    III. Metabolism of the Eicosanoids 166
    IV. Synthesis of the Steroid Hormones 169
    Review Test 172
12. AMINO ACID METABOLISM 176
    I. Addition and Removal of Amino Acid Nitrogen 176
    II. Urea Cycle 177

III. Synthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids 180
Review Test 187

13. PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS 191
    I. Special Products Derived from Amino Acids 191
    II. Tetrahydrofolate and S-Adenosylmethionine: The One-Carbon Carriers 198
    Review Test 201
14. NUCLEOTIDE AND PORPHYRIN METABOLISM 203
    I. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 203
    II. Heme Metabolism 208
    Review Test 211
15. INTEGRATIVE METABOLISM AND NUTRITION 215
    I. Metabolic Fuels and Dietary Requirements 215
    II. Metabolism During the Fed or Absorptive State 219
    III. Fasting 221
    IV. Prolonged Fasting (Starvation) 224
    V. Biochemical Functions of Tissues 225
    Review Test 229
16. MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY 233
    I. General Mechanisms of Hormone Action 233
    II. Regulation of Hormone Levels 236
    III. Actions of Specific Hormones 237
    Review Test 247
17. DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION 251
    I. Nucleic Acid Structure 251
    II. Synthesis of DNA (Replication) 256
    III. Synthesis of RNA (Transcription) 262
    Review Test 267
18. RNA TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 271
    I. Protein Synthesis (Translation of Messenger RNA) 271
    II. Regulation of Protein Synthesis 276
    Review Test 282

GENETICS 286
I. Chromosomes 286
II. Cell Cycle 286
III. Control of the Cell Cycle 288
IV. Meiosis 289
V. Gene Dosage 292
VI. Fundamentals of Mendelian Genetics 293
VII. The Punnett Square 294
VIII. Modes of Inheritance 294
IX. Moderators of Inheritance 296
X. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 296
XI. Genetic Testing 297
Review Test 300

20. BIOCHEMISTRY OF CANCER 305
    I. Oncogenes 305
    II. Tumor-Suppressor Genes 307
    III. Apoptosis 308
    IV. Mechanism of Oncogenesis 309
    V. Molecular Carcinogenesis 311
    VI. DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis 313
    VII. Molecular Progression of Cancer 314
    VIII. Molecular Markers in Cancer Biology 315
    Review Test 316
21. TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY,
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENETICS 319
    I. Biotechnology Involving Recombinant DNA 319
    II. Technology Involving Proteins 329
    Review Test 332
    Comprehensive Examination 336
    Index 361

More useful Links

More Medical Links

Disclaimer:–

This Site Complies With DMCA Digital Copyright Laws. We Neither Own the Copyrights of the Content Nor Responsible for the Hosting Sites.

We Are Sharing This Material With Our Audience For Educational Purposes Only. We Highly Encourage Our Visitors To Buy The Books/Subscriptions From the Respected Owners.

Checkout Our DMCA Policy in the Disclaimer.

If Anyone with the Copyright Claim wants us to Remove the Content Kindly Contact Us Here.