Content
Section 1
HEAD AND NECK
1 Osteology of the Head and Neck
Bones of the skull 3 Skull joints
3 Anatomical positiion 3 Exterior
of the skull 4 Norma verticalis 4
Norma occipitalis 5 Norma
frontalis 6 Attachments 8
Structures passing through
foramina 8
Norma lateralis 9
Structures passing through
foramina 11 Emissary veins
12 Norma basalis 12 Anterior
part 12 Middle part 13
Posterior part 15 Structures
passing through
foramina 17-19
Interior of skull 19
Diploic veins 19
Cranial vault 19
Base of skull 20
Anterior cranial fossa 20
Middle cranial fossa 22
Connections of parasympathetic
ganglia 23
Posterior cranial fossa 23
Attachments on interior of skull 25
Structures passing through
foramina 25
The orbit 26
Foramina in relation to orbit 27
Foetal skull 28
Mesodermal derivatives of pharyngeal
arches 29
Derivatives of endodermal pouches 29
Derivatives of ectodermal clefts 30 The
mandible 31
Foramina and relations to nerves
and vessels 33
Ossification 33 Clinical
anatomy 34 The maxilla
34 Features 35 Maxillary
sinus 37
Ossification 38
The hyoid bone 38
Clinical anatomy 39
Cervical vertebrae 40
Typical 40 First 41 Second
42 Seventh 43
Ossification 43 Ossification
of cranial bones 43
2 Scalp, Temple and Face
45
Some features on the living face 45
Scalp and superficial temporal region 46
Dissection 46
Clinical anatomy 48
The face 49
Dissection 50
Facial muscles 50
Motor nerve supply of the face 53
Clinical anatomy 54
Sensory nerve supply of the face 54
Clinical anatomy 54
Dissection 55
Facial artery 56 Eyelids or
palpebrae 59 Dissection
60 Clinical anatomy 62
Lacrimal apparatus 62
Dissection 62
3 Side of the Neck
65
Landmarks on the side of the neck 65
Deep cervical fascia 66
Investing layer 66
Pretracheal layer 67
Prevertebral layer 67
Carotid sheath 68
Buccopharyngeal fascia 68
Pharyngobasilar fascia 68
Clinical anatomy 68
Posterior triangle 69
Dissection 69
Contents 72
Sternocleidomastoid muscle 73
Clinical anatomy 74
4 The Back of the Neck 77
Introduction 77 Dissection
77 Muscles of the back 78
Suboccipital triangle 79
Suboccipital muscles 82
Clinical anatomy 83
5 Contents of the Vertebral Canal 85
Contents 85
Dissection 85
Spinal dura mater 85
Arachnoid mater 86
Pia mater 86 Vertebral
system of veins 87
Clinical anatomy 88
89
6 The Cranial Cavity
Cranial cavity 89
Dissection 89
Cerebral dura mater 90
Clinical anatomy 93
Cavernous sinuses 93
Clinical anatomy 95
Hypophysis cerebri 98
Dissection 98 Clinical
anatomy 100
Trigeminal ganglion 100
Dissection 700
Middle meningeal artery 101
Clinical anatomy 102
Cranial nerves 102
Dissection 102
Petrosal nerves 103
1 Contents of the Orbit
105
Introduction 105
Dissection 105
Contents of the orbit 105
Extraocular muscles 107
Dissection 107
Clinical anatomy 110
Ophthalmic artery 110
Optic nerve 112
Clinical anatomy 112
Oculomotor nerve 112
Clinical anatomy 113
Ciliary ganglion 114
Trochlear nerve 115
Clinical anatomy 115
Abducent nerve 115
Clinical anatomy 117
& Anterior Triangle of the Neck
119
Surface landmarks 119
Structures in the anterior median
region 120
Dissection 120
Clinical anatomy 122
Infrahyoid muscles 122
Anterior triangle of neck 123
Dissection 124
Submental triangle 724
Digastric triangle 724
Carotid triangle 726
Dissection 726
Common carotid artery 726
External carotid artery 727
Muscular triangle 730
Dissection 737
9 The Parotid Region
733
Parotid gland 733
Dissection 733 Surface
marking 734 External
features 735 Clinical
anatomy 738 Facial nerve
738F
unctional components 738
Course and relations 739
Branches and distribution 739
Clinical anatomy 747
10 Temporal and Infratemporal
Fossa 743
Landmarks on the lateral side
of head 143 Muscles
of mastication 144
Dissection 144
Maxillary artery 147
Dissection 147
Branches 148
Temporomandibular joint 150
Articular surfaces 150
Dissection 150
Movements 151
Clinical anatomy 152
Mandibular nerve 152
Dissection 152
Surface marking 152
Branches 153
Clinical anatomy J55
Otic ganglion 156
11 The Submandibular Region
757
Suprahyoid muscles 157
Dissection 157 Submandibular
salivary gland 158
Dissection 158
Clinical anatomy 162
Sublingual salivary gland 162
Submandibular ganglion 162
12 Deep Structures in the Neck
765
Thyroid gland 165
Dissection 166
Relations 166
Development 170
Clinical anatomy 171
Parathyroid glands 171
Clinical anatomy 172
Thymus 172
Clinical anatomy 172
Subclavian artery 172
Dissection 173
Surface marking 173
Branches 174
Clinical anatomy 176
Common carotid artery 176
Dissection 176 Internal
carotid artery 177
Clinical anatomy 177
Internal jugular vein 179
Clinical anatomy 180
Functional components 181
Course and relations 182
Branches 183
Clinical anatomy 183
Vagus nerve 183
Functional components 184
Course and relations in head and
neck 184
Branches in head and neck 184
Clinical anatomy 185
Accessory nerve 185
Functional components 186
Course and distribution of the
cranial root 186
Course and distribution of the
spinal root 186
Clinical anatomy 187
Hypoglossal nerve 187
Functional component 187
Course and relations 188
Branches and distribution 189
Clinical anatomy 189 Cervical part of
sympathetic trunk 189
Branches of cervical sympathetic
ganglia 191
Clinical anatomy 192
Cervical plexus 192
Phrenic nerve 193
Clinical anatomy 194
Trachea 194
Dissection 194
Clinical anatomy 195
Oesophagus 195
Lymph nodes of head and neck 195
Scalene muscles 197 Cervical pleura
199 Styloid apparatus 200
207
13 The Prevertebral Region
Prevertebral muscles 201
Vertebral artery 202
Dissection 202
Branches of vertebral artery
Joints of the neck 204
Clinical anatomy 206
14 The Mouth and Pharynx
The oral cavity 207
Teeth 208
Development of teeth 209
Clinical anatomy 210
203
207
Hard palate 210
Dissection 210
Soft palate 210
Passavant’s ridge 212
Muscles of the soft palate 213
Development of palate 213
Clinical anatomy 214
Pharynx 214
Dissection 214
Nasopharynx 215
Oropharynx 216
Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring 216
Palatine tonsil 217
Clinical anatomy 218
Laryngopharynx 219 Muscles of the
pharynx 221 Gaps between pharyngeal
muscles 221
Killian’s dehiscence 223
Deglutition 224
Clinical anatomy 225
Auditory tube 225
Clinical anatomy 226
15 The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 227
Introduction 227
External nose 227
Nasal cavity 227
Dissection 227
Nasal septum 228
Clinical anatomy 230
Lateral wall of nose 230
Dissection 230 Conchae
and meatuses 230
Dissection 232
Clinical anatomy 233
Paranasal sinuses 233
Dissection 233
Clinical anatomy 235
Pterygopalatine fossa 235
Maxillary nerve 236
Pterygopalatine ganglion 236
Branches 237
16 The Larynx
239
Introduction 239
Dissection 239 Cartilages of larynx
240 Laryngeal ligaments and membranes
241 Cavity of larynx 242 Intrinsic muscles
of the larynx 243 Muscles acting on the
larynx 243 Movements of vocal folds 245
Mechanism of speech 246
Clinical anatomy 247
17 The Tongue 249
Introduction 249
Dissection 249
External features 250
Muscles of the tongue 251
Development of tongue 253
Clinical anatomy 253
18 The Ear and Vestibulocochlear
Nerve 255
External ear 255
Auricle 255
External acoustic meatus 256
Dissection 256
Clinical anatomy 256
Tympanic membrane 256
Clinical anatomy 258
Middle ear 258
Dissection 258
Boundaries 259
Clinical anatomy 262
Ear ossicles 262
Clinical anatomy 263
Tympanic antrum 263
Dissection 263
Mastoid air cells 263
Clinical anatomy 264
Internal ear
Bony labyrinth 264
Membranous labyrinth 265
Development 266
Vestibulocochlear nerve 267
Clinical anatomy 267
19 The Eyeball 269
The outer coat 269
The sclera 269
Dissection 270
Cornea 271
Dissection 271
The middle coat 272
Choroid 272
Ciliary body 272
Iris 272
The inner coat/retina 274
Aqueous humour 275 The
lens 276
Dissection 276
Vitreous body 276
Development 276
Clinical anatomy 277
20 Surface Marking, Radiological and
Imaging Anatomy 279
Surface landmarks 279
Surface marking 281
Arteries 281
Veins/venous sinuses 281
Nerves 282
Glands 283
Palatine tonsil 284
Paranasal sinuses 284
Frontal sinus 284
Maxillary sinus 284
Radiological anatomy 284
Ultrasound scans 286
Appendix 1
Cranial nerves 287 Horner’s
syndrome 291 Phrenic nerve
292 Cervical plexus 292
Parasympathetic ganglia 292
Clinicoanatomical Problems 293
Multiple Choice Questions 294
287
Section 2
BRAIN
21 Inroduction to the Brain
Introduction 299
Cellular architecture 299
Classification of neurons 300
Clinical anatomy 300 Reflex
arc 300
Parts of the Nervous System 300
Parts of Brain 301
22 Meningies of the Brain and
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Introduction 303
Dura mater 303
Arachnoid mater 303
Pia mater 303
Subarachnoid space 304
Cisterns 304
Dissection 305 Cerebrospinal
fluid 305
Clinical anatomy 306
23 The Spinal Cord
Introduction 309
Internal structure 309 Nuclei
of spinal cord 309 Laminar
organisation 311 Dissection
312 Sensory receptors 312
Tracts of the spinal cord 313
Descending tracts 314
Ascending tracts 315 Clinical
anatomy 320
299 24 The Brainstem 32?
The medulla oblongata 321
Internal structure 323
Clinical anatomy 325
The pons 325
Internal structure 325
The midbrain 327
Internal structure 328
Development 329
Clinical anatomy 330
25 Nuclei of Cranial Nerves and The
Reticular Formation 337
Nuclei of cranial nerves 331
Embryology 331
General somatic efferent nuclei 332
Special visceral efferent nuclei 333
General visceral efferent nuclei 333
General visceral afferent and special
visceral afferent nuclei 334 General
somatic afferent nuclei 334 Special
somatic afferent nuclei 334
Reticular formation 334
Clinical anatomy 336
26 The Cerbellum 337
Introduction 337
Dissection 337
External features 338
Connections 339
Clinical anatomy 340
xvi Human Anatomy
27 The Fourth Ventricle
Communications 341
Lateral boundaries 341
Roof 341
Dissection 342
Floor 342
Clinical anatomy 343
28 The Cerebrum
Introduction 345 Dissection 345
External features 346 Cerebral
sulci and gyri 347 Main
functional areas 351, 352
The diencephalon 351
The thalamus 353
Connections and
functions 354, 355
Clinical anatomy 354
Metathalamus 354
Epithalamus 356
Hypothalamus 356
Clinical anatomy 358
Subthalamus 358
Basal nuclei 359
Corpus striatum 359
Dissection 359
Connections 360
Clinical anatomy 361
White matter of cerebrum 361
Association fibres 362
Commissural fibres 362
Corpus callosum 363
Internal capsule 363
Fibres in internal capsule 365
Blood supply 364 Clinical
anatomy 365
29 The Third and Lateral Ventricles,
and Limbic System
The third ventricle 367
The lateral ventricle 369
Limbic system 370
341 30 Some Neural Pathways 375
Pyramidal tract 375
Pathway of pain and temperature 376
Pathway of touch 376
Pathway of proprioceptive
impulses 376 Visual
pathway 377 Auditory
pathway 378 Vestibular
pathway 380 Olfactory
pathway 380 Taste
pathway 381
31 Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord
and Brain 383
Spinal cord 383
Cerebrum 383
Important arteries of the brain 385
Veins of the cerebrum 387
Cerebellum, brainstem 388
32 Investigations in a Neurological
Case, Surface Anatomy,
Radiological Anatomy and
Evolution of Head 391
Investigations in a neurological
case 391
Surface anatomy 392
Radiological anatomy 394
Evolution of head 394
Appendix 2 397
Ventricles of brain 397
Nuclear components of cranial
nerves 398
Efferent pathways of cranial part of
parasympathetic nervous
system 399
Clinicoanatomical Problems 399
Multiple Choice Questions 407
Index 403
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