1 Histology & Its Methods
of Study╇ 1
Preparation of Tissues for Study╇ 1
Light Microscopy╇ 4
Electron Microscopy╇ 8
Autoradiography╇ 9
Cell & Tissue Culture╇ 10
Enzyme Histochemistry╇ 10
Visualizing Specific Molecules╇ 10
Interpretation of Structures in Tissue
Sections╇ 14
Summary of Key Points╇ 15
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 16
2 The Cytoplasm╇ 17
Cell Differentiation╇ 17
The Plasma Membrane╇ 17
Cytoplasmic Organelles╇ 27
The Cytoskeleton╇ 42
Inclusions╇ 47
Summary of Key Points╇ 51
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 52
3 The Nucleus╇ 53
Components of the Nucleus╇ 53
The Cell Cycle╇ 58
Mitosis╇ 61
Stem Cells & Tissue Renewal╇ 65
Meiosis╇ 65
Apoptosis╇ 67
Summary of Key Points╇ 69
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 70
4 Epithelial Tissue╇ 71
Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells╇ 72
Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface╇ 77
Types of Epithelia╇ 80
Transport Across Epithelia╇ 88
Renewal of Epithelial Cells╇ 88
Summary of Key Points╇ 90
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 93
5 Connective Tissue╇ 96
Cells of Connective Tissue╇ 96
Fibers╇ 103
Ground Substance╇ 111
Types of Connective Tissue╇ 114
Summary of Key Points╇ 119
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 120
6 Adipose Tissue╇ 122
White Adipose Tissue╇ 122
Brown Adipose Tissue╇ 126
Summary of Key Points╇ 127
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 128
7 Cartilage╇ 129
Hyaline Cartilage╇ 129
Elastic Cartilage╇ 133
Fibrocartilage╇ 134
Cartilage Formation, Growth, & Repair╇ 134
Summary of Key Points╇ 136
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 136
8 Bone╇ 138
Bone Cells╇ 138
Bone Matrix╇ 143
Periosteum & Endosteum╇ 143
Types of Bone╇ 143
Osteogenesis╇ 148
Bone Remodeling & Repair╇ 152
Metabolic Role of Bone╇ 153
Joints╇ 155
Summary of Key Points╇ 158
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 159
9 Nerve Tissue & the Nervous
System╇ 161
Development of Nerve Tissue╇ 161
Neurons╇ 163
Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity╇ 168
Central Nervous System╇ 175
Peripheral Nervous System╇ 182
iv CONTENTS
15 Digestive Tract╇ 295
General Structure of the Digestive Tract╇ 295
Oral Cavity╇ 298
Esophagus╇ 305
Stomach╇ 307
Small Intestine╇ 314
Large Intestine╇ 318
Summary of Key Points╇ 326
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 328
16 Organs Associated with the Digestive
Tract╇ 329
Salivary Glands╇ 329
Pancreas╇ 332
Liver╇ 335
Biliary Tract & Gallbladder╇ 345
Summary of Key Points╇ 346
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 348
17 The Respiratory System╇ 349
Nasal Cavities╇ 349
Pharynx╇ 352
Larynx╇ 352
Trachea╇ 354
Bronchial Tree & Lung╇ 354
Lung Vasculature & Nerves╇ 366
Pleural Membranes╇ 368
Respiratory Movements╇ 368
Summary of Key Points╇ 369
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 369
18 Skin╇ 371
Epidermis╇ 372
Dermis╇ 378
Subcutaneous Tissue╇ 381
Sensory Receptors╇ 381
Hair╇ 383
Nails╇ 384
Skin Glands╇ 385
Skin Repair╇ 388
Summary of Key Points╇ 391
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 391
19 The Urinary System╇ 393
Kidneys╇ 393
Blood Circulation╇ 394
Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, &
Reabsorption╇ 395
Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra╇ 406
Neural Plasticity & Regeneration╇ 187
Summary of Key Points╇ 190
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 191
10 Muscle Tissue╇ 193
Skeletal Muscle╇ 193
Cardiac Muscle╇ 207
Smooth Muscle╇ 208
Regeneration of Muscle Tissue╇ 213
Summary of Key Points╇ 213
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 214
11 The Circulatory System╇ 215
Heart╇ 215
Tissues of the Vascular Wall╇ 219
Vasculature╇ 220
Lymphatic Vascular System╇ 231
Summary of Key Points╇ 235
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 235
12 Blood╇ 237
Composition of Plasma╇ 237
Blood Cells╇ 239
Summary of Key Points╇ 250
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 252
13 Hemopoiesis╇ 254
Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation╇ 254
Bone Marrow╇ 255
Maturation of Erythrocytes╇ 258
Maturation of Granulocytes╇ 260
Maturation of Agranulocytes╇ 263
Origin of Platelets╇ 263
Summary of Key Points╇ 265
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 265
14 The Immune System & Lymphoid
Organs╇ 267
Innate & Adaptive Immunity╇ 267
Cytokines╇ 269
Antigens & Antibodies╇ 270
Antigen Presentation╇ 271
Cells of Adaptive Immunity╇ 273
Thymus╇ 276
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue╇ 281
Lymph Nodes╇ 282
Spleen╇ 286
Summary of Key Points╇ 293
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 294
15 Digestive Tract╇ 295
General Structure of the Digestive Tract╇ 295
Oral Cavity╇ 298
Esophagus╇ 305
Stomach╇ 307
Small Intestine╇ 314
Large Intestine╇ 318
Summary of Key Points╇ 326
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 328
16 Organs Associated with the Digestive
Tract╇ 329
Salivary Glands╇ 329
Pancreas╇ 332
Liver╇ 335
Biliary Tract & Gallbladder╇ 345
Summary of Key Points╇ 346
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 348
17 The Respiratory System╇ 349
Nasal Cavities╇ 349
Pharynx╇ 352
Larynx╇ 352
Trachea╇ 354
Bronchial Tree & Lung╇ 354
Lung Vasculature & Nerves╇ 366
Pleural Membranes╇ 368
Respiratory Movements╇ 368
Summary of Key Points╇ 369
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 369
18 Skin╇ 371
Epidermis╇ 372
Dermis╇ 378
Subcutaneous Tissue╇ 381
Sensory Receptors╇ 381
Hair╇ 383
Nails╇ 384
Skin Glands╇ 385
Skin Repair╇ 388
Summary of Key Points╇ 391
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 391
19 The Urinary System╇ 393
Kidneys╇ 393
Blood Circulation╇ 394
Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, &
Reabsorption╇ 395
Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra╇ 406
Summary of Key Points╇ 411
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 412
20 Endocrine Glands╇ 413
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)╇ 413
Adrenal Glands╇ 423
Pancreatic Islets╇ 427
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System╇ 429
Thyroid Gland╇ 429
Parathyroid Glands╇ 432
Pineal Gland╇ 434
Summary of Key Points╇ 437
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 437
21 The Male Reproductive
System╇ 439
Testes╇ 439
Intratesticular Ducts╇ 449
Excretory Genital Ducts╇ 450
Accessory Glands╇ 451
Penis╇ 456
Summary of Key Points╇ 457
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 459
22 The Female Reproductive System╇ 460
Ovaries╇ 460
Uterine Tubes╇ 470
Major Events of Fertilization╇ 471
Uterus╇ 471
Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, & the Placenta╇ 478
Cervix╇ 482
Vagina╇ 483
External Genitalia╇ 483
Mammary Glands╇ 483
Summary of Key Points╇ 488
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 489
23 The Eye & Ear: Special Sense
Organs╇ 490
Eyes: The Photoreceptor System╇ 490
Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System╇ 509
Summary of Key Points╇ 522
Assess Your Knowledge╇ 522
APPENDIX╇ 525
FIGURE CREDITS╇ 527
INDEX╇ 529