Contents
| 1 Histology & Its Methods of Study 1 Preparation of Tissues for Study 1 Light Microscopy 4 Electron Microscopy 8 Autoradiography 9 Cell & Tissue Culture 10 Enzyme Histochemistry 10 Visualizing Specific Molecules 10 Interpretation of Structures in Tissue Sections 14 Summary of Key Points 15 Assess Your Knowledge 16 2 The Cytoplasm 17 Cell Differentiation 17 The Plasma Membrane 17 Cytoplasmic Organelles 27 The Cytoskeleton 42 Inclusions 47 Summary of Key Points 51 Assess Your Knowledge 52 3 The Nucleus 53 Components of the Nucleus 53 The Cell Cycle 58 Mitosis 61 Stem Cells & Tissue Renewal 65 Meiosis 65 Apoptosis 67 Summary of Key Points 69 Assess Your Knowledge 70 4 Epithelial Tissue 71 Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells 72 Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface 77 Types of Epithelia 80 Transport Across Epithelia 88 Renewal of Epithelial Cells 88 Summary of Key Points 90 Assess Your Knowledge 93 | 5 Connective Tissue 96 Cells of Connective Tissue 96 Fibers 103 Ground Substance 111 Types of Connective Tissue 114 Summary of Key Points 119 Assess Your Knowledge 120 6 Adipose Tissue 122 White Adipose Tissue 122 Brown Adipose Tissue 126 Summary of Key Points 127 Assess Your Knowledge 128 7 Cartilage 129 Hyaline Cartilage 129 Elastic Cartilage 133 Fibrocartilage 134 Cartilage Formation, Growth, & Repair 134 Summary of Key Points 136 Assess Your Knowledge 136 8 Bone 138 Bone Cells 138 Bone Matrix 143 Periosteum & Endosteum 143 Types of Bone 143 Osteogenesis 148 Bone Remodeling & Repair 152 Metabolic Role of Bone 153 Joints 155 Summary of Key Points 158 Assess Your Knowledge 159 9 Nerve Tissue & the Nervous System 161 Development of Nerve Tissue 161 Neurons 163 Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity 168 Central Nervous System 175 Peripheral Nervous System 182 Neural Plasticity & Regeneration 187 Summary of Key Points 190 Assess Your Knowledge 191 |
| 10 Muscle Tissue 193 Skeletal Muscle 193 Cardiac Muscle 207 Smooth Muscle 208 Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 213 Summary of Key Points 213 Assess Your Knowledge 214 11 The Circulatory System 215 Heart 215 Tissues of the Vascular Wall 219 Vasculature 220 Lymphatic Vascular System 231 Summary of Key Points 235 Assess Your Knowledge 235 12 Blood 237 Composition of Plasma 237 Blood Cells 239 Summary of Key Points 250 Assess Your Knowledge 252 13 Hemopoiesis 254 Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation 254 Bone Marrow 255 Maturation of Erythrocytes 258 Maturation of Granulocytes 260 Maturation of Agranulocytes 263 Origin of Platelets 263 Summary of Key Points 265 Assess Your Knowledge 265 14 The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs 267 Innate & Adaptive Immunity 267 Cytokines 269 Antigens & Antibodies 270 Antigen Presentation 271 Cells of Adaptive Immunity 273 Thymus 276 Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 281 Lymph Nodes 282 Spleen 286 Summary of Key Points 293 Assess Your Knowledge 294 | 15 Digestive Tract 295 General Structure of the Digestive Tract 295 Oral Cavity 298 Esophagus 305 Stomach 307 Small Intestine 314 Large Intestine 318 Summary of Key Points 326 Assess Your Knowledge 327 16 Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract 329 Salivary Glands 329 Pancreas 332 Liver 335 Biliary Tract & Gallbladder 345 Summary of Key Points 346 Assess Your Knowledge 348 17 The Respiratory System 349 Nasal Cavities 349 Pharynx 352 Larynx 352 Trachea 354 Bronchial Tree & Lung 354 Lung Vasculature & Nerves 366 Pleural Membranes 368 Respiratory Movements 368 Summary of Key Points 369 Assess Your Knowledge 369 18 Skin 371 Epidermis 372 Dermis 378 Subcutaneous Tissue 381 Sensory Receptors 381 Hair 383 Nails 384 Skin Glands 385 Skin Repair 388 Summary of Key Points 391 Assess Your Knowledge 391 19 The Urinary System 393 Kidneys 393 Blood Circulation 394 Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, & Reabsorption 395 Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra 406 Summary of Key Points 411 Assess Your Knowledge 412 |
| 20 Endocrine Glands 413 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 413 Adrenal Glands 423 Pancreatic Islets 427 Diffuse Neuroendocrine System 429 Thyroid Gland 429 Parathyroid Glands 432 Pineal Gland 434 Summary of Key Points 437 Assess Your Knowledge 437 21 The Male Reproductive System 439 Testes 439 Intratesticular Ducts 449 Excretory Genital Ducts 450 Accessory Glands 451 Penis 456 Summary of Key Points 457 Assess Your Knowledge 459 | 22 The Female Reproductive System 460 Ovaries 460 Uterine Tubes 470 Major Events of Fertilization 471 Uterus 471 Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, & the Placenta 478 Cervix 482 Vagina 483 External Genitalia 483 Mammary Glands 483 Summary of Key Points 488 Assess Your Knowledge 489 23 The Eye & Ear: Special Sense Organs 490 Eyes: The Photoreceptor System 490 Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System 509 Summary of Key Points 522 Assess Your Knowledge 522 APPENDIX 525 FIGURE CREDITS 527 INDEX 529 |