Lung maturation is a complex process that occurs during fetal development to prepare the respiratory system for independent breathing after birth. The development of the lungs involves several stages, including…
The trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular structure that forms part of the respiratory system. Its development is a complex process that occurs during embryonic development. Here is an overview…
Contents part 1 Introduction 1 Table of content Below is the complete table of contents presented in Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy volume 1 16th edition Part 1: Introduction Part…
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The development of the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum is a complex process that occurs during embryonic development. These structures play crucial roles in providing support, protecting vital organs, and…
Splanchnic nerves are a group of nerves that transmit autonomic (involuntary) fibers, specifically sympathetic nerves, to organs in the abdominal and pelvic regions. These nerves are involved in the regulation…
Lymph nodes in the posterior mediastinum are part of the lymphatic system that drains structures in the posterior part of the thorax. These nodes play a role in filtering and…
The azygos vein plays a crucial role in cases of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction, offering an alternative route for venous blood to return to the heart when the normal…
The azygos venous system is a complex network of veins in the thoracic and abdominal regions that plays a crucial role in draining blood from the posterior wall of the…
The vagus nerves, also known as the tenth cranial nerves, are a pair of important nerves that play a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system. In the thorax, the…