Contents
PART I Introduction
CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGIC METHODS 2
SECTION 1 Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections 2
SECTION 2 Histologic Slide Interpretation 4
FIGURE 1.1 Kidney cortex with a renal corpuscle and different convoluted tubules 4
FIGURE 1.2 Skeletal muscle sectioned in the longitudinal plane and cross section with surrounding blue-staining connective tissue 5
FIGURE 1.3 Villus of a small intestine with brush border, columnar epithelium, and goblet cells 5
FIGURE 1.4 Section of a wall from the aorta showing the presence of dark-staining elastic fibers and pink smooth muscles 5
FIGURE 1.5 Intramembranous ossification in skull bones showing blue connective tissue, red blood cells, and blood vessels with blood cells. 5
FIGURE 1.6 Blood smear with different cells and platelets 6
FIGURE 1.7 Cross section of the spinal cord showing the gray and white matter 6
FIGURE 1.8 Cross section of a peripheral nerve showing the myelin sheath of the axons 6
FIGURE 1.9 Small artery and veins showing blood cells and the surrounding connective tissues 6
FIGURE 1.10 Planes of sections through a round object a hard-boiled, solid egg 7
FIGURE 1.11 Planes of section through a hollow object a tube 8
FIGURE 1,12 Tubules of the testis in different planes of section 9
PART II Cell and Cytoplasm
CHAPTER 2 LIGHT AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 12
FIGURE 2.1 Composite illustration of a cell, its cytoplasm, and its organelles 13
FIGURE 2.2 Composition of cell membrane 14
FIGURE 2.3 Internal and external morphology of ciliated and nonciliated epithelium. 20
FIGURE 2.4 A junctional complex between epithelial cells 21
FIGURE 2.5 Basal regions of epithelial cells. 22
FIGURE 2.6 Basal region of an ion-transporting cell. 23
FIGURE 2.7 Cilia and microvilli 24
FIGURE 2.8 Nuclear envelope and nuclear pores 25
xi
FIGURE 2.9 Mitochondria (longitudinal and cross section). 26
FIGURE 2.10 Rough endoplasmic reticulum 26
FIGURE 2.11 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 27
FIGURE 2.12 Golgi apparatus. 28
FIGURE 2.13 Ultrastructure of lysosomes and residual bodies in the cytoplasm of Tissue macrophage 29
FIGURE 2.14 Cytoplasmic contents and organelles of a cillated cell from an avian
oviduct 34
FIGURE 2.15 Cell and cytoplasmic organelles in a cell from a rodent spinal cord 34
FIGURE 2.16 A section of a cell nucleus and the adjacent cytoplasmic organelles 35
FIGURE 2.17 A section of a cillated cell cytoplasm exhibiting different organelles in the epithelium of an avian oviduct 35
FIGURE 2.18 Secretory cells with dense secretory granules in the apical regions of a gland from a section of an aisan oviduct: 36
FIGURE 2.19 Apical section of celts from the lining epithelium of an avan oviduct showing different cytoplasmic organelles. 36
FIGURE 2.20 Transverse section of a secretory epithelium from an avian oviduct showing the developed rough endoplasmic reticulum 37
FIGURE 2.21 Secretory cell with dense secretory granules and the dilated roughi endoplasmic reticulum in the glandular epithelium of an avian oviduct 37
CHAPTER 3 CELLS AND THE CELL CYCLE 38
FIGURE 3.1 Different phases of mitosis and cytokinesis. 40
PART III Tissues
CHAPTER 4 EPITHELIAL TISSUE 44
SECTION 1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue 44
FIGURE 4.1 Different types of epithelia in selected organs 45
FIGURE 4.2 Simple squamous epithelium, surface view of pentoneal
mesothelium 47
FIGURE 4.3 Simple squamous epithelium, peritoneal mesothelium surrounding the small intestine (transverse section) 48
FIGURE 4.4 Different epithelial types in the kidney cortex 49
FIGURE 4.5 Simple columnar epithelium: surface of the stomach 49
FIGURE 4.6 Simple columnar epithelium on villi in the small intestine, cells with brush borders (microvilli) and goblet cells 50
FIGURE 4.7 Pseudostratified columnar cillated epithelium respiratory passages-trachea 52
FIGURE 4.8 Transitional epithelium bladder (unstretched or relaxed) 53
FIGURE 4.9 Transitional epithelium: bladder (stretched) 54
FIGURE 4.10 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium: esophagus. 55
FIGURE 4.11 Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium palm of the hand 56
FIGURE 4.12 Stratified cuboidal epithelium: an excretory duct in the salivary
gland 57
SECTION 2 Classification of Glandular Tissue 60
FIGURE 4.13: Untiranched simple tubular exocrine glands: intestinal glands, A. Diagram of the gland B. Transverse section of the large intestine 61
FIGURE 4.14 Simple branched tubular exocrine gland gastric glands. A. Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse section of the stomach. 62
FIGURE 4:15 Coiled tubular exocrine glands: sweat glands. A. Diagram of the gland B. Transverse and three-dimensional view of a coiled sweat gland 62
FIGURE 4.16 Compound acinar exocrine gland: mammary gland A. Diagram of the gland B and C. A mammary gland during lactation 63
FIGURE 4 17 Compound tubuloacınar (exocrine) gland: salivary gland. A. Diagram of the gland B. A submandibular salivary gland. 63
FIGURE 4.18 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: submaxillary salivary gland 64
FIGURE 4.19 Endocrine gland: pancreatic islet. A. Diagram of a pancreatic islet B. High magnification of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. 65
FIGURE 4.20 Endocrine and exocrine pancreas 66
FIGURE 4.21 Simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium in different tubules of a rodent kidney 69
FIGURE 4.22 Simple columnar and simple squamous epithelia in the papillary region of a primate kidney 69
FIGURE 4.23 Simple columnar epithelium with brush border, goblet cells, and lymphocytes in the connective tissue of a rodent intestinal villius 70
FIGURE 4.24 Simple columnar epithelium exhibiting both ciliated and secretory cells overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes in a primate oviduct. 70
FIGURE 4.25 Stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the excretory duct of a primate salivary gland and surrounded by connective tissue fibers and cells 71
FIGURE 4.26 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia surrounded by smooth muscle fibers in a primate epididymis 71
FIGURE 4.27 Transitional epithelium in a relaxed primate bladder overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes 72
FIGURE 4.28 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized (moist) vaginal primate epithelium with underlying connective tissue filled with numerous dark-staining lymphocytes 72
CHAPTER 5 CONNECTIVE TISSUE 73
FIGURE 5.1 Composite illustration of loose connective tissue with its predominant cells and fibers 74
FIGURE 5.2 Loose connective tissue (spread) Stained for cells and fibers. 77
FIGURE 5.3 Cells of the connective tissue 78
FIGURE 5.4 A connective tissue a capillary, and a mast cell in the mesentery of
a small intestine 79
FIGURE 5.5 Embryonic connective tissue. 79
FIGURE 5.6 Loose connective tissue with blood vessels and adipose cells 80
FIGURE 5.7 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue 81
FIGURE 5.8 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue 81
FIGURE 5.9 Dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue 82
FIGURE 5.10 Dense regular connective tissue tendon (longitudinal section) 83
FIGURE 5.11 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal section) 84
FIGURE 5.12 Dense regular connective tissue tendon (transverse section) 85
FIGURE 5.13 Adipose tissue in the intestine 85
FIGURE 5.14 Mesenchymal tissue from a developing rodent fetus. 90
FIGURE 5.15 Whole mount section through a mesentery illustrating the loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and the abundant surrounding ground
substance 90
FIGURE 5.16 Loose connective tissue below the transitional epithelium in a section
from a primate urethra. 91
FIGURE 5.17 Dense irregular connective tissue in a canine lip adjacent to white adipose cells (tissue) 91
tents
FIGURE 5.18 Dense regular connective tissue from a primate tendon illustrating the dense arrangement of collagen fibers and the compressed fibroblasts 92
FIGURE 5.19 Reticular fiber meshwork in a primate lymph node 92
FIGURE 5.20 A section of the wall from an aorta illustrating different connective tissue fibers and smooth muscle fibers 93
FIGURE 5.21 White adipose tissue (cells) adjacent to skeletal muscle fibers and dense irregular collagen fibers. Histologic preparation dissolved the lipids in the cell cytoplasm, showing only the nuclei 93
CHAPTER 6 HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE 94
SECTION 1 Blood 94
FIGURE 6.1 Differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells into their mature forms and their distribution in the blood and connective tissue. 95
FIGURE 6.2 Human blood smear: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, a lymphocyte. and platelets. 97
FIGURE 6.3 Human blood smear: RBCs, neutrophils, a large lymphocyte, and platelets. 98
FIGURE 6.4 Erythrocytes and platelets in a blood smear. 98
FIGURE 6.5 Neutrophils and a Barr body. 99
FIGURE 6.6 Eosinophil. 100
FIGURE 6.7 Lymphocytes. 100
FIGURE 6.8 Monocyte 101
FIGURE 6.9 Basophil 101
FIGURE 6.10 Human blood smear: a basophil, a neutrophil, erythrocytes, and platelets 103
FIGURE 6.11 Human blood smear a monocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets 103
FIGURE 6.12 Development of different blood cells in the red bone marrow (decalcified). 107
SECTION 2 Bone Marrow 107
FIGURE 6.13 Bone marrow smear: development of different blood cell types, 109
FIGURE 6.14 Bone marrow smear selected precursors of different blood cells. 110
FIGURE 6.15 Human blood smear showing different blood cells and cellular fragments, the platelets 114
FIGURE 6.16 Human blood smear exhibiting different blood cells and cell fragments 114
FIGURE 6.17 High magnification of a human blood smear showing two neutrophils with multilobar nuclei and some light-staining cytoplasmic granules. 115
FIGURE 6.18 High magnification of a human blood smear showing an eosinophil with characteristic pink-staining eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules and bilobed nucleus, 115
FIGURE 6.19 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a basophil with characteristic dark blue-staining cytoplasmic granules 116
FIGURE 6.20 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a large monocyte with characteristic “kidney-shaped” nucleus. 116
FIGURE 6.21 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a seldom-seen large lymphocyte with a characteristic dense nucleus and a rim of visible, blue-staining Cytoplasm 117
FIGURE 6.22 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a small lymphocyte with a dense blue nucleus occupying almost all of the cytoplasm 117
CHAPTER 7 SKELETAL TISSUE CARTILAGE AND BONE 118
SECTION 1 Cartilage 118
FIGURE 7.1 Endochondral ossification illustrating the progressive stages of bone formation from a cartilage model of bone. 119
FIGURE 7.2 Developing fetal hyaline cartilage 120
FIGURE 7.3 Hyaline cartilage and surrounding structures trachea
121
FIGURE 7.4 Cells and matrix of mature hyaline cartilage
122
FIGURE 7.5 Hyaline cartilage developing bone 122
FIGURE 7.6 Elastic cartilage, epiglottis. 123
FIGURE 7.7 Elastic cartilage epiglotns: 124
FIGURE 7,8 Fibrocartilage, intervertebral disk. 124.
FIGURE 7.9 Dense fibrocartilage with chondrocytes and type I collagen fibers from a primate intervertebral disk 125
FIGURE 7.10 A peripheral section of hyaline cartilage showing the perichondnum and the cellular contents 128
FIGURE 7.11 A higher magnification of the hyaline cartilage and its cellular contents 128
FIGURE 7.12 A higher magnification of a peripheral section of hyaline cartilage with surrounding pernichondrium 129
FIGURE 7:13 A section of an elastic cartilage showing the peripheral perichondrium and its contents 129
FIGURE 7.14 High magnification of elastic cartilage (peripheral section) 130
FIGURE 7.15 A section of fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk illustrating the density of the connective tissue 130
FIGURE 7.16 A section of intervertebral disk showing the fibrocartilage cut at a different angle, the collagen fibers, and chondrocytes 131
FIGURE 7.17 Fibrocartilage from a different region of the intervertebral disk Illustrating the dense collagen fibers and chondrocytes between the fibers 131
SECTION 2 Bone 132
FIGURE 7 18 Histology of a section of formed compact bone. 133
FIGURE 7.19 Endochondral ossification development of a long bone (panoramic view, longitudinal section) 136
FIGURE 7.20 Endochondral ossification zone of ossification 137
FIGURE 7.21 Endochondral ossification zone of ossification. 138
FIGURE 7.22 Endochondral ossification, formation of secondary (epiphyseal) centers of ossification and the epiphyseal plate in a long bone (decalcified bone longitudinal section) 139
FIGURE 7.23 Bone formation primitive bone marrow and development of osteons (Haversian systems, decalcified bone, transverse section), 140
FIGURE 7.24 Intramembranous ossification developing mandible (decalcified bone.
transverse section) 141
142 FIGURE 7.25 Intramembranous ossification: developing skull bone (decalcified bone transverse section)
FIGURE 7.26 Cancellous bone with trabeculae and bone marrow cavities, sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section) 142
FIGURE 7.27 Cancellous bone: sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section) 143
FIGURE 7.28 Dry, compact bone ground, transverse section 144
FIGURE 7.29 Dry, compact bone ground, longitudinal section 145
FIGURE 7.30 Dry, compact bone an osteon transverse section. 146
FIGURE 7.31 Endochondral ossification illustrating the hyaline cartilage matrix
calcified cartilage and formation of the bony collar 150
FIGURE 7.32 Endochondral ossification showing calcified cartilage with bony layers and the developing bone marrow 150
FIGURE 7.33. A section of the calcified cartilage in endochondral ossification with bone marrow cells 151
FIGURE 7.34 Endochondral ossification with calcified cartilage, bone matrix, and bone-forming cells 151
FIGURE 7.35 Intramembranous ossification showing the bone-forming cells and the developing bone marrow. 152
FIGURE 7.36 Bone trabeculae undergoing development by intramembranous ossification. 152
FIGURE 7.37 Higher-magnification bony trabeculae undergoing intramembranous 153 ossification
FIGURE 7.38 Dry and ground compact bone illustrates its intemal structures 153
CHAPTER 8 MUSCLE TISSUE 154
SECTION 1 Skeletal Muscle 154
FIGURE 8.1 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of skeletal muscle. 155
FIGURE 8.2 Longitudinal and transverse sections of skeletal (striated) muscles of the tongue 156
FIGURE 8.3 Skeletal (strared) muscles of the tongue (longitudinal and transverse section) 157
FIGURE 8.4 Skeletal muscle fibers (longitudinal section) 158
FIGURE 8.5 Ultrastructure of myofibrils in skeletal muscle 159
FIGURE 8.6 Ultrastructure of sarcomeres. T tubules, and triads in skeletal muscle 160
FIGURE 8,7 Skeletal muscles, nerves, axons, and motor endplates. 160
FIGURE 8.8 Skeletal muscle with a muscle spindle (transverse section) 162
SECTION 2 Cardiac Muscle 163
FIGURE 8.9 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle 163
FIGURE 8.10 Longitudinal and transverse sections of cardiac muscle 164
FIGURE 8.11 Cardiac muscle (longitudinal section) 165
FIGURE 8.12 Cardiac muscle in longitudinal section, 165
FIGURE 8.13 Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle in longitudinal section 166
SECTION 3 Smooth Muscle 163
FIGURE 8.14 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of smooth
muscle 168
FIGURE 8.15 Longitudinal and transverse section of smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine 169
FIGURE 816 Smooth muscle: wall of the small intestine (transverse and longitudinal Section 170
FIGURE 8.17 Ultrastructure of smooth muscle fibers from a section of an intestinal 170
FIGURE 10 Cross and longitudinal section of skeletal muscle fibers from a primate ton 175
FIGURE at Heigher magnification of skeletal muscle from the tongue sectioned in tongthan transverse planes 175
FIGURE 8.20 magnification of a plastic section showing skeletal muscle stmations, peripheral nucles and the surrounding connective tissue 176
FIGURE 8.21 Thin plastic section of a skeletal muscle showing the muscle spindle its contents and the surrounding muscle fibers 176
FIGURE 8.22 High magnification of a section of primate cardiac muscle showing the central nuclei and intercalated discs. 177
FIGURE 8.23 Section of a primate heart muscle illustrating the appearance of cardiac muscle fibers cut in different planes 177
FIGURE 8.24 A cross section of a small intestine wall showing the circular (upper) and longitudinal (lower) smooth muscle layers 178
FIGURE 8.25 High magnification of the circular layer of the smooth muscle in the wall of a primate small intestine 178
CHAPTER 9 NERVOUS TISSUE 179
SECTION 1 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 179
FIGURE 9.1 Central nervous system (CNS) The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A section of the brain and spinal cord is illustrated with their protective connective tissue layers called meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) 179
FIGURE 9.2 Examples of different types of neurons located in various ganglia and organs outside the CNS 180
FIGURE 9.3 Spinal cord: midthoracic region (transverse section). 183
FIGURE 9.4 Spinal cord anterior gray horn, motor neuron, and adjacent white matter 184
FIGURE 9.5 Spinal cord: midcervical region (transverse section) 185
FIGURE 9.6 Spinal cord, anterior gray horn, motor neurons and adjacent anterior white matter 186
FIGURE 9.7 Ultrastructure of typical axodendritic synapses in the CNS. Transmission electron micrograph 187
FIGURE 9.8 Motor neurons anterior hom of the spinal cord 188
FIGURE 9.9 Neurofibrils and motor neurons in the gray matter of the anterior hom of the spinal cord. 190.
FIGURE 9.10 Anterior gray horn of the spinal cord multipolar neurons, axons, and neuroglial cells. 191
FIGURE 9.11 Cerebral cortex gray matter 192
FIGURE 9.12 Layer V of the cerebral cortex, 193
FIGURE 9.13 Cerebellum (transverse section) 194
FIGURE 9.14 Cerebellar comex molecular, Purkinje cell, and granular cell layers 195
FIGURE 9.15 Fibrous astrocytes and capillary in the brain 196
FIGURE 9.16 Ultrastructure of a capillary in the CNS and the perivascular endfeet of astrocytes. Transmission electron micrograph 197
FIGURE 9.17 Oligodendrocytes of the brain 198
FIGURE 9.18 Ultrastructure of an oligodendrocyte in the CNS with myelinated axons
Transmission electron micrograph 199
FIGURE 9.19 Ultrastructure of myelinated axons in the CNS with a node of Ranvier
Transmission electron micrograph. 200
FIGURE 9.20 Microglia of the brain 201
SECTION 2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 207
FIGURE 9.21 Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves. A cross section of the spinal cord is illustrated with the characteristic festures of the motor neuron and a cross section of a peripheral eve 207
FIGURE 9.22 Feipheral nerves and blood vessels Transverse section) 208
ents
FIGURE 9.23 Myelinated nerve fibers (longitudinal and transverse sections)
209
FIGURE 9.24 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section), 210
FIGURE 9.25 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section). 211
FIGURE 9.26 Sciatic nerve (transverse section). 211
FIGURE 9.27 Peripheral nerve: nodes of Ranvier and axons. 212
FIGURE 9.28 Ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fascicle in the PNS cut in the transverse plane. 213
FIGURE 9.29 Dorsal root ganglion, with dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerve (longitudinal section) 214
FIGURE 9.30 Cells and unipolar neurons of a dorsal root ganglion. 215
FIGURE 9.31 Multipolar neurons, surrounding cells, and nerve fibers of a sympathetic ganglion 215
FIGURE 9.32 Dorsal root ganglion unipolar neurons and surrounding cells. 216
FIGURE 9.33 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the midthoracic region.
FIGURE 9.34 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the lumbar region. 219
219
FIGURE 9.35 A section of the anterior horn of spinal cord illustrating multipolar motor neurons and the adjacent myelinated axons. 220
FIGURE 9.36 A section of an anterior horn of the spinal cord illustrating the cellular and fibrillar components of the cord. 220
FIGURE 9.37 Spinal cord spread showing a multipolar motor neuron in the anterior hom. 221
FIGURE 9.38 A section of sensory dorsal root ganglion with its unipolar neurons. axons bundles, and the surrounding connective tissue capsule. 221
FIGURE 9.39 A transverse section of a nerve illustrating individual cells, axons, and the surrounding connective tissue. 222
FIGURE 9.40 A longitudinal section of a peripheral nerve with nodes of Ranvier, axons. and the protein network in the washed-out myelin sheaths. 222
PART IV Systems
CHAPTER 10 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 224
FIGURE 10.1 Muscular artery, 225
FIGURE 10.2 Large vein. 226
FIGURE 10.3 Three types of capillaries (transverse sections) 227
FIGURE 10.4 Blood and lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue, 228
FIGURE 10.5 Capillaries sectioned in transverse and longitudinal planes in the mesentery of a small intestine 229
FIGURE 10.6 Ultrastructure of a continuous capillary sectioned in the transverse plane in the CNS 230
FIGURE 10.7 Ultrastructure of a fenestrated capillary sectioned in the transverse plane in the choroid plexus of a CNS ventricle. 231
FIGURE 10.8 Muscular artery and vein (transverse section), 232
FIGURE 10.9 Artery and vein in the dense irregular connective tissue of the vas deferens. 233
FIGURE 10.10 Wall of a large elastic artery. aorta (transverse section) 234
FIGURE 10.11 Wall of a large vein portal vein (transverse section) 235
FIGURE 10.12 Heart: a section of the left atrium, atrioventricular valve, and left ventricle (longitudinal section) 236
FIGURE 10.13 Heart: a section of the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary valve (longitudinal section) 237
FIGURE 10.14 Heart contracting cardiac muscle fibers and impuise-conducting
Purkinje libers. 238
FIGURE 10.15 A section of heart wall: Purkinje libers 239
FIGURE 10.16 Mesentery spread with a capillary, endothelial nuclei, and me surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers 245
FIGURE 10,17 A section of a mesentery illustrating a capillary with red blood cells, a mast cell, and the surrounding washed-out outlines of adipose cells, 245
FIGURE 10.18 Structural comparison between an artery and a vein in the mesentery. 246
FIGURE 10.19 Structural comparison of layers in the walls of a vein and an artery in the mesentery. 246
FIGURE 10.20. Comparison of a small artery and a vein with valves surrounded by loose connective tissue with fibrocytes 247
FIGURE 10.21 Higher magnification of an artery and a vein walls with surrounding adipose cells 247
FIGURE 10.22 Section of an arterial wall illustrating the different layers, 248
FIGURE 10.23 A section of the heart wall near a ventricle illustrating different structures 248
CHAPTER 11 IMMUNE SYSTEM 249
FIGURE 11.1 Location and distribution of the lymphoid organs and lymphatic channels in the body 250
FIGURE 11.2 Internal contents of a lymph node
FIGURE 11:3 Internal contents of the spleen 250
250
FIGURE 11.4 Lymph node (panoramic view) 253
FIGURE 11.5 Lymph node capsule, cortex and medulla (sectional view) 254
FIGURE 11.6 Cortex and medulla of a lymph node 256
FIGURE 11.7 Lymph node subcortical sinus, trabecular sinus, reticular cells, and lymphatic nodule 257
FIGURE 11.8 Lymph node high endothelial venule in the paracortex (deep cortex) of a lymph node 258
FIGURE 11.9 Lymph node: subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, and supporting reticular fibers 258
FIGURE 11.10 Thymus gland (panoramic view), 259
FIGURE 11.11 Thymus gland (sectional view) 260
FIGURE 11.12 Cortex and medulla of a thymus gland
260
FIGURE 11.13 Spleen (panoramic view) 262
FIGURE 11.14 Spleen red and white pulp. 263
FIGURE 11.15 Red and white pulp of the spleen 264
FIGURE 11.16 Palatine tonsil. 265
FIGURE 11.17 A low-power section of a primate lymph node illustrating its internal
components 269
FIGURE 11.18 Medium magnification of a section of primate cortex and medulla of a lymph node 269
FIGURE 11.19 Higher magnification of a primate lymph node illustrating its contents: 270
FIGURE 11.20 Low-magnification section of human spleen illustrating its contents. 270
FIGURE 11.21 A section of human spleen illustrating lymphatic nodules, periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS), and the red and white pulp. 271
FIGURE 11.22 A section of primate thymus gland illustrating the cortex and medulla and their contents 271
FIGURE 11.23 A section of human thymus cortex with the thymic (Hassall) corpince and the surrounding cells 272
FIGURE 11.24 Human palatine tonsil illustrating the crypts and the internal structures. 272
CHAPTER 12 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 273
SECTION 1 Thin Skin 276
FIGURE 12.1 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thin skin of the arm 276
FIGURE 12.2 Thin skin: epidermis and the contents of the dermis: 277
FIGURE 12.3 Skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis in the scalp 278
FIGURE 12.4 Hairy thin skin of the scalp: hair follicles and surrounding Structures 279
FIGURE 12.5 Hair follicle: bulb of the hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle 280
SECTION 2 Thick Skin 281
FIGURE 12.6 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thick skin of the palm. 281
FIGURE 12.7 Thick skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis of the palm. 282
FIGURE 12.8 Thick skin of the palm, superficial cell layers, and melanin pigment
283
FIGURE 12.9 Thick skin: epidermis and superficial cell layers, 284
FIGURE 12.10 Apocrine sweat gland secretory and excretory portions of the sweat gland. 285
FIGURE 12.11 Cross section and three-dimensional appearance of an eccrine sweat gland. 286
FIGURE 12.12 Glomus in the dermis of thick skin. 288
FIGURE 12.13 Pacinian corpuscles in the dermis of thick skin (transverse and longitudinal sections). 289
FIGURE 12.14 Hairy thin skin of the human scalp illustrating hair follicles and surrounding tissues in the dermis. 293
FIGURE 12.15 A section of primate thin skin illustrating the contents of the epidermis and dermis. 293
FIGURE 12.16 A section of human thick skin (palm) illustrating the epidermis, dermis and their contents 294
FIGURE 12.17 A section of human thick skin illustrating the layers of epidermis
294
FIGURE 12.18 High-magnification section of human thick skin illustrating the epidermal layers, a Meissner corpuscle, and the underlying dermis. 295
FIGURE 12.19 A section of human dermis with excretory ducts and the secretory cells of the sweat glands surrounded by myoepithelial cells. 295
FIGURE 12.20 Higher magnification of a human sweat gland with excretory ducts. secretory cells, and myoepithelial cells. 296
FIGURE 12.21 Pacinian corpuscle with surrounding structures in the dermis of a male primate organ 296
CHAPTER 13 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART I: ORAL CAVITY AND MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS 297
SECTION 1 Oral Cavity 297
FIGURE 13.1 Sagittal section of a tooth. 297
FIGURE 13.2 A section of posterior tongue showing the circumvallate papillae, the location of the taste buds, and the associated serous glands 298
FIGURE 13.3 Dorsal surface of the tongue, showing the location of different papillae
and tonsils 298
FIGURE 13.4 A section of the tongue epithelium showing the taste bud and its cells spanning the entire width of the stratified squamous epithelium 299
FIGURE 13.5
Lip (longitudinal section), 300
FIGURE
13.6 Antenor region of the tongue apex (longitudinal section)
301
FIGURE 13.7 Tongue circumvallate papilla (cross section) 302
FIGURE 13.8 Tongue: filiform and fungiform papillae 303
FIGURE 13.9 Tongue: taste buds. 304
FIGURE 13.10 Posterior tongue behind circumvallate papillae and nesar lingual tornisit
(longitudinal section) 305
FIGURE 13.11
Lingual tonsils (transverse section) 306
FIGURE 13.12 Dried tooth (longitudinal section) Ground and unstained 307
FIGURE 13 13 Dried tooth dentinoenamel junction, Ground and unstained
308
FIGURE 13.14 Dried tooth: cementum and dentin junction, Ground and unstained 308
FIGURE 13.15 Developing tooth (longitudinal section) 309
FIGURE 13. 16 Developing tooth dentinoenamel junction in detail 310
SECTION 2 Major Salivary Glands 310
FIGURE 13:17 Salivary glands. The different types of acin) (serous mucous, and mixed with serous demiluries), different duct types (intercalated striated, and interlobular) and myoepithelial cells of a salivary gland are illustrated. 311
FIGURE 13.18 Parotid salivary gland 313
FIGURE 13.19 Submandibular salivary gland
FIGURE 13.20 Sublingual salivary gland 315
314
FIGURE 13.21 Serous salivary gland: parotid gland 316
FIGURE 13.22 Mixed salivary gland, sublingual gland. 317
FIGURE 13:23 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the filiform and fungiform papillae with taste buds 321
FIGURE 13.24 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the circumvallate papilla with surrounding structures. 321
taste buds 322
FIGURE 13.25 Plastic section of the fungiform papilla on a primate tongue illustrating
FIGURE 13.26 Section of a primate serous parotid salivary gland illustrating a striated duct and serous acini 322
FIGURE 13.27 Seromucous (submandibular) primate gland illustrating serous and
mucous acini and different excretory ducts 323
FIGURE 13:28 Plastic section of a primate seromucous (submandibular) salivary gland
illustrating the serous and mucous acini 323
FIGURE 13.29 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland with mucous acini serous demilunes, and excretory ducts 324
FIGURE 13.30 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland illustrating the mucous acini, serous demilunes, and excretory ducts 324
CHAPTER 14 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART II: ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH 325
SECTION 1
Esophagus 326
FIGURE 14.1 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa muscularis externa, and adventitia) in the wall of the esophagus and their characteristic contents 326
FIGURE 14.2 Wall of the upper esophagus (transverse section)
327
FIGURE 14.3 Upper esophagus (transverse section) 328
FIGURE 14.4 Lower esophagus (transverse section) 329
FIGURE 14.5 Upper esophagus mucosa and submucosa (longitudinal view) 330
FIGURE 14.6 Lower esophageal wall (transverse section) 331
FIGURE 14.7 Esophageal-stomach junction 332
FIGURE 14.8 Esophageal-stomach junction (transverse section), 333
SECTION 2 Stomach 334
FIGURE 14.9 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) in the
wall of the stomach and their characterisbe contents: 334 FIGURE 14.10 Stomach fundus and body region (transverse section), 335
FIGURE 14.11 Stomach mucosa of the fundus and body (transverse section). 337
FIGURE 14 12 Stomach fundus and body region (plastic section) 338
FIGURE 14.13 Stomach superficial region of gastric (fundic) mucosa, 340
FIGURE 14.14 Stomach: basal region of gastric (fundic) mucosa 341
FIGURE 14.15 Pyloric region of the stomach, 343
FIGURE 14,16 Pyloric-duodenal junction (longitudinal section). 345
FIGURE 14.17 A transverse section of a primate esophagus illustrating the contents of its wall Esophageal glands proper are in the submucosa, 349
FIGURE 14.18 A higher magnification of a human esophageal wall illustrating epithelium and the lamina propria, 349
FIGURE 14.19 Esophageal-stomach junction in a human illustrating the abrupt epithelial change at the junction 350
FIGURE 14.20 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a primate stomach wall, 350
FIGURE 14.21 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a human stomach wall. 351
FIGURE 14.22 A section of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach illustrating the gastric pits and gastric glands with different cells 351
FIGURE 14.23 A thin plastic section of the luminal surface area of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach 352
FIGURE 14.24 A section of the body/Tundus region of a primate stomach illustrating bases of the gastric glands. 352
CHAPTER
15 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART III: SMALL INTESTINE AND LARGE INTESTINE 353
SECTION 1 Small intestine 353
FIGURE 15.1 Different cell types and layers in the wall of the small intestine 354
FIGURE 15.2 Small intestine: duodenum (longitudinal section), 355
FIGURE 15.3 Small intestine: duodenum (transverse section) 357
FIGURE 15.5 Intestinal glands with Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells 359
FIGURE 15.6 Small intestine jejunum with Paneth cells. 360
FIGURE 15.4 Small intestine jejunum (transverse section) 358
FIGURE 15.7 Small intestine ileum with lymphatic nodules (Peyer patches) (transverse Stron) 361
FIGURE 15.8 5ml intestine vill (longitudinal and transverse section), 362
FIGURE 15.9 Ultrastructure of microvilli in an absorptive cell in the small intestine 363
SECTION 2 Large Intestine (Colon) 365
FIGURE 15,10 Different cells and layers in the wall of the large intestine 365
FIGURE 15.11 Large intestine, colon and mesentery (panoramic view, trarisverse 366
FIGURE 15.12 Large intesunes colon wall (transverse section) 367
FIGURE 15.13 Large intestine colon wall (transverse section)
368
FIGURE 15.14 Appendix (panoramic view, transverse section).
370
FIGURE 15.15 Rectum (panoramic view transverse section) 371
FIGURE 15.16 Anorectal junction (longitudinal section) 372
FIGURE 15.17 A cross section of feline duodenum illustrating its characteristic features. Cells with mucus secretions stain magenta-red 376
FIGURE 15.18 Higher magnification of a primate duodenum with intestinal and the characteristic duodenal glands 376
contents. 377
FIGURE 15.19 High magnification of the villus from a human duodenum illustrating its
FIGURE 15.20 A section of human jejunum illustrating the mucosa with Paneth cells in the intestinal glands 377
FIGURE 15.21 A section of feline jejunum illustrating the bases of the intestinal glands with Paneth cells. 378
FIGURE 15.22 A section of human ileum illustrating a Peyer patch and the submucosal
lymphocytic aggregation 378
FIGURE 15.23 A section of human colon with temporary folds, intestinal glands, and a section of taeniae coll. 379
FIGURE 15.24 A plastic section of primate colon illustrating the contents of its
wall 379
CHAPTER 16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART IV: ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS (LIVER, PANCREAS, AND GALLBLADDER)
SECTION 1
Liver 380
FIGURE 16.1 A section from the liver is illustrated, with emphasis on the details of the
liver lobule 381
FIGURE 16.2 Pig liver (panoramic view transverse section) 382
FIGURE 16.3 Primate liver (panoramic view, transverse section) 383
FIGURE 16.4 Bovine liver: liver lobule (transverse section) 384
FIGURE 16.5 Hepatic (liver) lobule (sectional view, transverse section). 385
385
FIGURE 16.6 Bile canaliculi in a liver lobule (osmic acid preparation)
FIGURE 16.7 Kupffer cells in a liver lobule (India ink preparation), 386
FIGURE 16.8 Glycogen granules in liver cells (hepatocytes) 386
FIGURE 16.9 Reticular fibers in a liver lobule 387
FIGURE 16.10 Liver sinusoids, space of Disse hepatocytes, and endothelial cells in a
liver lobule 387
SECTION 2 Pancreas 388
FIGURE 16.11 A section from the pancreas is illustrated, with emphasis on the details
of the duct system of the exocrine pancreas. 388
FIGURE 16.12 Exocrine and endocrine pancreas (sectional view) 389
FIGURE 16.13 Pancreatic islet. 390
FIGURE 16:14 Pancreatic isler (special preparation). 391
FIGURE 16.15 Pancreas: endocrine (pancreatic islet) and exocrine regions 392
FIGURE 16.16 Immunohistochemical preparation of a mammalian pancreatic
Bllet 393
SECTION 3 Gallbladder 393
FIGURE 16.17 Wall of the gallbladder 394
FIGURE 16.18 Low magnification of a pig liver illustrating lobules separated by
connective tissue septa 398
FIGURE 16.19 Portal area in a pig liver illustrating its contents
398
FIGURE 16.20 Higher magnification of a liver lobule surrounding the central vein illustrating the glycogen granules in hepatocytes. 399
FIGURE 16.21 Section of a rodent liver lobule after injection with India ink to illustrate the phagocytic Kupffer cells. 399
FIGURE 16.22 Low-power section of a primate pancreas illustrating the endocrine pancreatic islets and the surrounding exocrine acini. 400
FIGURE 16.23 A higher-power section of a primate pancreatic islet, the excretory duct, and the surrounding acini. 400
FIGURE 16.24 More detailed image of a primate pancreatic islet, excretory duct, and the surrounding cells. 401
FIGURE 16.25 Low-power section of a primate gallbladder wall illustrating its contents. 401
CHAPTER 17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
402
FIGURE 17.1 A section of the lung is illustrated in three dimensions and in transverse section. Magnified versions of a bronchiole and a type II pneumocyte (both circled here) are illustrated in Figures 17.2 and 17.3, respectively, 403
FIGURE 17.2 Internal structure of the respiratory bronchiole in the lung illustrating the close proximity of air in the alveolus, the blood in the capillary, and the macrophage dust cell. 404
FIGURE 17.3 High magnification of a type II alveolar cell in an alveolus 404
FIGURE 17.4 Olfactory mucosa and superior concha (panoramic view). 405
FIGURE 17.5 Olfactory mucosa, derails of a transitional area, 406
FIGURE 17.6 Olfactory mucosa in the nose transition area, 407
FIGURE 17.7 Epiglottis (longitudinal section). 408
FIGURE 17.8 Larynx (frontal section). 409
FIGURE 17.9 Trachea (panoramic view, transverse section). 410
FIGURE 17.10. Tracheal wall (sectional view). 411
FIGURE 17.11 Lung (panoramic view). 412
FIGURE 17.12 Intrapulmonary bronchus (transverse section). 413
FIGURE 17.13 Intrapulmonary bronchus, cartilage plates, and surrounding alveoli of the lung. 414
FIGURE 17.14 Terminal bronchiole (transverse section), 415
FIGURE 17.15 Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and lung alveoli. 416
FIGURE 17.16 Lung: terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and a blood vessel. 417
FIGURE 17.17 Alveolar walls and alveolar cells. 417
FIGURE 17.18 A section of lung alveoli adjacent to a bronchiole wall. 418
FIGURE 17.19 A low-power ultrastructure of the lung, showing a portion of a bronchiole wall and adjacent alveoli. 419.
FIGURE 17.20 A section of a human nasal cavity illustrating the transition and difference between ciliated respiratory epithelium (left) and olfactory epithelium (right). 424
FIGURE 17.21 A section of a primate trachea illustrating the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and the supportive hyaline cartilage. 424
FIGURE 17.22 A section of a primate intrapulmonary bronchi with surrounding lung
tissues 425
FIGURE 17.23 A plastic section of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium from a human intrapulmonary bronchus. 425
FIGURE 17.24 A transverse section of a primate bronchiole with surrounding
tissues. 426
FIGURE 17.25 A smaller bronchiole in a primate lung surrounded by alveoli
426
FIGURE 17.26 A solid terminal primate bronchiole surrounded by alveoli 427
FIGURE 17.27 A primate respiratory bronchiole with alveoli and surrounded by alveoli 427
CHAPTER 18 URINARY SYSTEM 428
FIGURE 18.1 A sagittal section of the kidney shows the correx and medulla, with blood vessels and the excretory ducts including the pelvis and the ureter 428
FIGURE 18.2 Histologic comparison of blood vessels, the different tubules of the nephron, and the collecting ducts 430
FIGURE 18.3 Kidney cortex medulla, pyramid, renal papilla, and minor calyx (panoramic view) 432
FIGURE 18.4 Kidney cortex and upper medulla. 433
FIGURE 18.5 Kidney cortex juxtaglomerular apparatus 437
FIGURE 18.6 Kidney cortex renal corpuscle juxtaglomerular apparatus, and convoluted tubules 438
FIGURE 18.7 Ultrastructure of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney 439
FIGURE 18.8 Ultrastructure of the apical cell surface in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. 440
FIGURE 18.9 Kidney scanning electron micrograph of podocytes (visceral epithelium of the glomerular Bowman capsüle) surrounding the glomerular capillaries 441
FIGURE 18.10 Kidney transmission electron micrograph of a podocyte and adjacent capillaries in the renal corpuscle 442
FIGURE 18.11 Kidney medulla papillary region (transverse section) 443
FIGURE 18.12 Kidney medulla terminal end of a papilla (longitudinal section) 444
FIGURE 18.13 Kidney, ducts of the medullary region (longitudinal section) 445
FIGURE 18.14 Urinary system ureter (transverse section) 446
FIGURE 18.15 Section of a ureter wall (transverse section) 447
FIGURE 18.16 Ureter (transverse section) 448
FIGURE 18.17 Urinary bladder wall (transverse section) 448
FIGURE 18.18 Urinary bladder contracted mucosa (transverse section) 449
FIGURE 18.19 Urinary bladder stretched mucosa (transverse section) 450
FIGURE 18.20 A low-power micrograph of a rodent unilobar kidney (in humans, the
kidney is multilobar) 455
FIGURE 18.21 A higher-power section of rodent kidney cortex illustrating its
contents. 455
FIGURE 18.22 A section through a human kidney cortex illustrating the renal corpuscle
and the surrounding ducts 456
FIGURE 18.23 Longitudinal section of the medullary region of a primate kidney with
different tubules and blood vessels 456
FIGURE 18.24 Longitudinal section of papillary ducts in the papilla of
a primate kidney illustrating simple columnar epithelium and the surrounding
tissue 457
FIGURE 18.25 A transverse section of primate ureter: its transitional epithelium, the smooth muscle layers, and the surrounding tissues. 457
FIGURE 18.26 A section of the wall from an empty primate bladder and the
appearance of the transitional epithelium 458
FIGURE 18.27 A section of a distended primate bladder wall and the appearance of the transitional epithelium 458
CHAPTER 19 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 459
SECTION 1 Hormones and Pituitary Gland 459
FIGURE 19.1 Hypothalamus and hypophysis (pituitary gland). A section of hypothalamus and hypophysis illustrates the neuronal, axonal, and vascular connection, between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. Also illustrated are the major target cells, tissues, and organs that respond to the hormones that are produced by both the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary gland. 460
FIGURE 19.2 Hypophysis (panoramic view, sagittal section). 463
FIGURE 19.3 Hypophysis: sections of pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa. 464
FIGURE 19.4 Hypophysis: pars distalis (sectional view). 465
FIGURE 19.5 Cell types in the hypophysis. 465
FIGURE 19.6 Hypophysis, pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa, 466
SECTION 2 Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, and Adrenal Gland 471
FIGURE 19.7 The microscopic organization of the parathyroid and thyroid gland is illustrated. 471
FIGURE 19.8 The microscopic organization of the adrenal gland is illustrated. 472
FIGURE 19.9 Thyroid gland canine (general view). 473
FIGURE 19.10 Thyroid gland follicles: canine (sectional view). 474
FIGURE 19.11 Thyroid and parathyroid glands: canine (sectional view). 475
FIGURE 19.12 Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland. 476
FIGURE 19.13 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland. 478
FIGURE 19.14 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland: cortex and medulla. 479
FIGURE 19.15 Higher magnification of a section from a human pars distalis illustrating different cell types. 484
FIGURE 19.16 A section of human hypophysis illustrating the pars nervosa (left), pars intermedia (middle), and pars distalis (right) 484
FIGURE 19.17 High magnification of a human pars nervosa illustrating the supportive pituicytes and Herring bodies surrounded by unmyelinated axons, 485
FIGURE 19.18 A section of canine thyroid gland illustrating follicles with retracted colloid and interspersed parafollicular (C) cells. 485
FIGURE 19.19 A section of primate thyroid gland with colloid follicles adjacent to the parathyroid gland with oxyphil cells. 486
FIGURE 19.20 A section of primate parathyroid gland illustrating clumps of oxyphil cells among the chief cells. 486
FIGURE 19.21 Upper portion of a primate adrenal gland cortex illustrating the two top zones. 487
FIGURE 19.22 A section of primate adrenal cortex illustrating the lower two zones and a section of adrenal medulla. 488
CHAPTER 20 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 489
SECTION 1 Testis 489
FIGURE 20.1 Internal organization of the testis. 490
FIGURE 20.2 The different phases of spermiogenesis. 491
FIGURE 20.3 The structure of a mature sperm. 491
FIGURE 20.4 Peripheral section of the testis (sectional view) 493
FIGURE 20.5 Testis: seminiferous tubules (transverse section) 494
FIGURE 20.6 Testis: spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules (transverse section) 495
FIGURE 20.7 Cross section of seminiferous tubules showing supportive Sertoli cells spermatogonia, and spermatids in different stages of development 496
FIGURE 20.8 Primate testis different stages of spermatogenesis.
497
FIGURE 20.9 Ultrastructure of a Sertoli cell and surrounding cells
498
FIGURE 20.10 Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, and efferent ductules (ductuli efferentes) 499
FIGURE 20.11 Ductull efferentes and tubules of the ductus epididymis
500
FIGURE 20.12 Tubules of the ductus epididymis (transverse section) 501
FIGURE 20.13 Ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section) 501
FIGURE 20.14 Ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section) 502
SECTION 2 Accessory Reproductive Sex Glands
507
FIGURE 20.15 Location of the testes and the accessory male reproductive
organs 507
FIGURE 20.16 Prostate gland and prostatic urethra 508
FIGURE 20.17 Prostate gland, glandular acini and prostatic concretions
509
FIGURE 20.18 Prostate gland: prostatic glands with prostatic concretions, 510
FIGURE 20.19 Seminal vesicle 511
FIGURE 20.20 Bulbourethral gland. 512
FIGURE 20.21 Human penis (transverse section) 512
FIGURE 20.22 Penile urethra (transverse section)
513
FIGURE 20.23 A low-power section of a canine testis, testicular blood vessels, and the ductules of the epididymis 516
FIGURE 20.24 Cross sections of seminiferous tubules illustrating their contents 516
FIGURE 20.25 A higher magnification of a section of rodent seminiferous tubule illustrating different cell types and their development. 517
FIGURE 20.26 Tubules of a primate ductus epididymis illustrating their structure and
contents 517
FIGURE 20.27 Smear of human semen illustrating the appearance of mature sperm with covering acrosome caps 518
FIGURE 20.28 Transverse section of a canine ductus deferens with the surrounding muscle layers and adventitia 518
FIGURE 20.29 A section of canine prostate gland illustrating its glandular distribution and fibromuscular connective tissue 519
FIGURE 20.30 Transverse section of a primate penis illustrating the erectile tissues 519
CHAPTER 21 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 520
SECTION 1 Ovary and Uterus: Overview 520
FIGURE 21.1 The sequence of changes during follicular development, culminating in ovulation and corpus luteum formation. In addition, changes in the uterine wall during the menstrual cycle are correlated with pituitary hormones and ovarian
functions. 520
FIGURE 21.2 The ovary. 521
FIGURE 21.3 The anatomy of the female reproductive organs. 522
FIGURE 21.4 Ovary different stages of follicular development (panoramic view), 524
FIGURE 21.5 Ovary longitudinal section of a feline (cat) ovary showing numerous
follicles and corpora lutea 525
FIGURE 21.6 Ovary: a section of ovarian cortex and developing follicles
526
FIGURE 21.7 Ovary: ovarian cortex and primordial and primary follicles
527
FIGURE 21.8 Ovary: primordial and primary follicles. 528
FIGURE 21.9 Ovary, maturing ovarian follicle in a feline (cat) ovary
528
FIGURE 21.10 Ovary primary oocyte and the wall of a mature follicle
529
FIGURE 21.11 Corpus luteum (panoramic view). 530
531
FIGURE 21.12 Corpus luteum: theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells.
FIGURE 21.13 Human ovary a section of corpus luteum and corpus albicans.
531
FIGURE 21.14 Uterine tube: ampulla with mesosalpinx ligament (panoramic view transverse section) 533
FIGURE 21.15 Uterine tube: mucosal folds. 534
FIGURE 21.16 Uterine tube: lining epithelium. 534
FIGURE 21.17 Uterus: proliferative (follicular) phase. 536
FIGURE 21.18 Uterus: secretory (luteal) phase. 537
FIGURE 21.19 Uterine wall (endometrium): secretory (luteal) phase.
538
FIGURE 21.20 Uterine wall, early menstrual phase. 539
FIGURE 21.21 Low-power section of a feline ovary with different stages of follicular development. 544
FIGURE 21.22 Structure of a developing primary follicle in the cortex with surrounding cells and an adjacent follicle undergoing atresia. 544
FIGURE 21.23 Characteristic features of a maturing secondary ovarian follicle in the ovarian cortex. 545
FIGURE 21.24 Ampullary region of a primate uterine tube illustrating the internal structure of the mucosa. 545
FIGURE 21.25 A section of primate uterine mucosa illustrating the different cell types. 546
FIGURE 21.26 A section of human uterus during the proliferative phase.
546
FIGURE 21.27 A section of human uterus during the menstrual phase. 547
FIGURE 21.28 A section of human uterus in late menstrual phase showing the basalis layer and the remnants of uterine glands after the functionalis layer has been shed in menstrual flow. 547
SECTION 2 Cervix, Vagina, Placenta, and Mammary Glands 548
FIGURE 21.29 Cervix, cervical canal, and vaginal fornix (longitudinal section),
549
FIGURE 21.30 Vagina (longitudinal section). 550
FIGURE 21.31 Glycogen in human vaginal epithelium. 551
FIGURE 21.32 Vaginal exfoliate cytology (vaginal smear) during different reproductive
phases. 552
FIGURE 21.33 Vagina: surface epithelium. 554
FIGURE 21.34 Human placenta (panoramic view) 555
FIGURE 21.35 Chorionic villi: placenta during early pregnancy.
556
FIGURE 21.36 Chorionic villi: placenta at term. 557
FIGURE 21.37 Inactive mammary gland. 558
FIGURE 21.38 Mammary gland: micrograph of an inactive mammary gland.
FIGURE 21.39 Mammary gland during proliferation and early pregnancy 559
559
FIGURE 21.40 Mammary gland during activation and early development. 560
FIGURE 21.41 Mammary gland during late pregnancy 561
FIGURE 21.42 Mammary gland during lactation. 562
FIGURE 21.43 Lactating mammary gland. 563
FIGURE 21.44 A section of primate vagina illustrating its epithelium and the underlying connective rissue 567
FIGURE 21.45 A section of an inactive human mammary gland lobule illustrating the ducts and surrounding connective tissue. 567
FIGURE 21:46 А зеction of a lobule from an active primate mammary gland during pregnancy illustrating the developed alveoli 568
FIGURE 21.47 A section of a lactisting rodent mammary grand flustraning alvnik with secretory products and an interfobular excretory duct 568
CHAPTER 22 ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL AUDITORY SYSTEMS 569
SECTION 1 Visual System 569
FIGURE 22.1 The internal structures of the eye 569
FIGURE 22.2 The cells that constitute the phorosensitive retina 570
FIGURE 22.3 Eyelid (sagittal section) 571
FIGURE 22.4 Lacrimal gland. 572
FIGURE 22.5 Cornea (transverse section) 573
FIGURE 22:6 Whole eye (sagittal section). 574
FIGURE 22.7 Posterior eyeball: sclera, choroid, optic papilla, optic nerve, retina, and Fovea (panoramic view) 575
FIGURE 22.8 Layers of the choroid and retina (detail)
576
FIGURE 22.9 Eye: layers of retina and choroid 577
FIGURE 22.10 A section of posterior eyeball showing the retina with a fovea
depression 578
FIGURE 22.11 Optic papilla (optic disk), optic nerve, and a section of retina in the posterior region of the eyeball 578
FIGURE 22.12 A section of the posterior retina with the yellow pigment of the macula
lutea 579
SECTION 2 Auditory System 584
FIGURE 22.13 The internal structures of the ear 584
FIGURE 22.14 The cochlea 585
FIGURE 22. 15 The hearing organ of Corti. 585
FIGURE 22.16 Inner ear cochlea (vertical section) 586
FIGURE 22.17 Inner ear cochlear duct (scala media) and the hearing organ of Corti 587
FIGURE 22.18 Inner ear cochlear duct and the organ of Corti 588
FIGURE 22.19 Inner ear organ of Corti in the cochlear duct. 589
FIGURE 22.20 A posterior region of primate eyeball illustrating the optic nerve as it leaves the eyeball at the optic papilla 592
FIGURE 22.21 A section of primate retina illustrating different layers 592
FIGURE 22.22 A section of primate cochlea illustrating the ducts, their contents, and the surrounding structures. 593
FIGURE 22.23 High magnification of the organ of Corm in a primate, 593
Index 595