CONTENTS
Dedication
Preface to the Thirteenth Edition
Reviewers
PART I Introduction
CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGIC METHODS
SECTION 1 Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections
SECTION 2 Histologic Slide Interpretation
FIGURE 1.1 Kidney cortex with a renal corpuscle and different convoluted
tubules.
FIGURE 1.2 Skeletal muscle sectioned in the longitudinal plane and cross
section with surrounding blue-staining connective tissue.
FIGURE 1.3 Villus of a small intestine with brush border, columnar
epithelium, and goblet cells.
FIGURE 1.4 Section of a wall from the aorta, showing the presence of
dark-staining elastic fibers and pink smooth muscles.
FIGURE 1.5 Intramembranous ossification in skull bones showing blue
connective tissue, red blood cells, and blood vessels with blood cells.
FIGURE 1.6 Blood smear with different cells and platelets.
FIGURE 1.7 Cross section of the spinal cord showing the gray and white
matter.
FIGURE 1.8 Cross section of a peripheral nerve showing the myelin sheath
of the axons.
FIGURE 1.9 Small artery and veins showing blood cells and the
surrounding connective tissues.
FIGURE 1.10 Planes of sections through a round object, a hard-boiled,
solid egg.
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FIGURE 1.11 Planes of section through a hollow object, a tube.
FIGURE 1.12 Tubules of the testis in different planes of section.
PART II Cell and Cytoplasm
CHAPTER 2 LIGHT AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
FIGURE 2.1 Composite illustration of a cell, its cytoplasm, and its
organelles.
FIGURE 2.2 Composition of cell membrane.
FIGURE 2.3 Internal and external morphology of ciliated and nonciliated
epithelium.
FIGURE 2.4 A junctional complex between epithelial cells.
FIGURE 2.5 Basal regions of epithelial cells.
FIGURE 2.6 Basal region of an ion-transporting cell.
FIGURE 2.7 Cilia and microvilli.
FIGURE 2.8 Nuclear envelope and nuclear pores.
FIGURE 2.9 Mitochondria (longitudinal and cross section).
FIGURE 2.10 Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
FIGURE 2.11 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
FIGURE 2.12 Golgi apparatus.
FIGURE 2.13 Ultrastructure of lysosomes and residual bodies in the
cytoplasm of a tissue macrophage.
FIGURE 2.14 Cytoplasmic contents and organelles of a ciliated cell from
an avian oviduct.
FIGURE 2.15 Cell and cytoplasmic organelles in a cell from a rodent spinal
cord.
FIGURE 2.16 A section of a cell nucleus and the adjacent cytoplasmic
organelles.
FIGURE 2.17 A section of a ciliated cell cytoplasm exhibiting different
organelles in the epithelium of an avian oviduct.
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FIGURE 2.18 Secretory cells with dense secretory granules in the apical
regions of a gland from a section of an avian oviduct.
FIGURE 2.19 Apical section of cells from the lining epithelium of an avian
oviduct showing different cytoplasmic organelles.
FIGURE 2.20 Transverse section of a secretory epithelium from an avian
oviduct showing the developed rough endoplasmic reticulum.
FIGURE 2.21 Secretory cell with dense secretory granules and the dilated
rough endoplasmic reticulum in the glandular epithelium of an avian
oviduct.
CHAPTER 3 CELLS AND THE CELL CYCLE
FIGURE 3.1 Different phases of mitosis and cytokinesis.
PART III Tissues
CHAPTER 4 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SECTION 1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue
FIGURE 4.1 Different types of epithelia in selected organs.
FIGURE 4.2 Simple squamous epithelium: surface view of peritoneal
mesothelium.
FIGURE 4.3 Simple squamous epithelium: peritoneal mesothelium
surrounding the small intestine (transverse section).
FIGURE 4.4 Different epithelial types in the kidney cortex.
FIGURE 4.5 Simple columnar epithelium: surface of the stomach.
FIGURE 4.6 Simple columnar epithelium on villi in the small intestine:
cells with brush borders (microvilli) and goblet cells.
FIGURE 4.7 Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium: respiratory
passages—trachea.
FIGURE 4.8 Transitional epithelium: bladder (unstretched or relaxed).
FIGURE 4.9 Transitional epithelium: bladder (stretched).
FIGURE 4.10 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium: esophagus.
FIGURE 4.11 Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium: palm of the
hand.
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FIGURE 4.12 Stratified cuboidal epithelium: an excretory duct in the
salivary gland.
SECTION 2 Classification of Glandular Tissue
FIGURE 4.13 Unbranched simple tubular exocrine glands: intestinal
glands. A. Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse section of the large
intestine.
FIGURE 4.14 Simple branched tubular exocrine gland: gastric glands. A.
Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse section of the stomach.
FIGURE 4.15 Coiled tubular exocrine glands: sweat glands. A. Diagram of
the gland. B. Transverse and three-dimensional view of a coiled sweat
gland.
FIGURE 4.16 Compound acinar exocrine gland: mammary gland. A.
Diagram of the gland. B and C. A mammary gland during lactation.
FIGURE 4.17 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: salivary gland. A.
Diagram of the gland. B. A submandibular salivary gland.
FIGURE 4.18 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: submaxillary
salivary gland.
FIGURE 4.19 Endocrine gland: pancreatic islet. A. Diagram of a pancreatic
islet. B. High magnification of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.
FIGURE 4.20 Endocrine and exocrine pancreas.
FIGURE 4.21 Simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium in different
tubules of a rodent kidney.
FIGURE 4.22 Simple columnar and simple squamous epithelia in the
papillary region of a primate kidney.
FIGURE 4.23 Simple columnar epithelium with brush border, goblet cells,
and lymphocytes in the connective tissue of a rodent intestinal villus.
FIGURE 4.24 Simple columnar epithelium exhibiting both ciliated and
secretory cells overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes in a primate
oviduct.
FIGURE 4.25 Stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the excretory duct of a
primate salivary gland and surrounded by connective tissue fibers and cells.
FIGURE 4.26 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
surrounded by smooth muscle fibers in a primate epididymis.
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FIGURE 4.27 Transitional epithelium in a relaxed primate bladder
overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes.
FIGURE 4.28 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized (moist) vaginal primate
epithelium with underlying connective tissue filled with numerous darkstaining
lymphocytes.
CHAPTER 5 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FIGURE 5.1 Composite illustration of loose connective tissue with its
predominant cells and fibers.
FIGURE 5.2 Loose connective tissue (spread). Stained for cells and fibers.
FIGURE 5.3 Cells of the connective tissue.
FIGURE 5.4 A connective tissue, a capillary, and a mast cell in the
mesentery of a small intestine.
FIGURE 5.5 Embryonic connective tissue.
FIGURE 5.6 Loose connective tissue with blood vessels and adipose cells.
FIGURE 5.7 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue.
FIGURE 5.8 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue.
FIGURE 5.9 Dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue.
FIGURE 5.10 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal
section).
FIGURE 5.11 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal
section).
FIGURE 5.12 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (transverse section).
FIGURE 5.13 Adipose tissue in the intestine.
FIGURE 5.14 Mesenchymal tissue from a developing rodent fetus.
FIGURE 5.15 Whole mount section through a mesentery illustrating the
loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and the abundant
surrounding ground substance.
FIGURE 5.16 Loose connective tissue below the transitional epithelium in
a section from a primate urethra.
FIGURE 5.17 Dense irregular connective tissue in a canine lip adjacent to
white adipose cells (tissue).
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FIGURE 5.18 Dense regular connective tissue from a primate tendon
illustrating the dense arrangement of collagen fibers and the compressed
fibroblasts.
FIGURE 5.19 Reticular fiber meshwork in a primate lymph node.
FIGURE 5.20 A section of the wall from an aorta illustrating different
connective tissue fibers and smooth muscle fibers.
FIGURE 5.21 White adipose tissue (cells) adjacent to skeletal muscle fibers
and dense irregular collagen fibers. Histologic preparation dissolved the
lipids in the cell cytoplasm, showing only the nuclei.
CHAPTER 6 HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
SECTION 1 Blood
FIGURE 6.1 Differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells into their
mature forms and their distribution in the blood and connective tissue.
FIGURE 6.2 Human blood smear: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, a
lymphocyte, and platelets.
FIGURE 6.3 Human blood smear: RBCs, neutrophils, a large lymphocyte,
and platelets.
FIGURE 6.4 Erythrocytes and platelets in a blood smear.
FIGURE 6.5 Neutrophils and a Barr body.
FIGURE 6.6 Eosinophil.
FIGURE 6.7 Lymphocytes.
FIGURE 6.8 Monocyte.
FIGURE 6.9 Basophil.
FIGURE 6.10 Human blood smear: a basophil, a neutrophil, erythrocytes,
and platelets.
FIGURE 6.11 Human blood smear: a monocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets.
FIGURE 6.12 Development of different blood cells in the red bone marrow
(decalcified).
SECTION 2 Bone Marrow
FIGURE 6.13 Bone marrow smear: development of different blood cell
types.
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FIGURE 6.14 Bone marrow smear: selected precursors of different blood
cells.
FIGURE 6.15 Human blood smear showing different blood cells and
cellular fragments, the platelets.
FIGURE 6.16 Human blood smear exhibiting different blood cells and cell
fragments.
FIGURE 6.17 High magnification of a human blood smear showing two
neutrophils with multilobar nuclei and some light-staining cytoplasmic
granules.
FIGURE 6.18 High magnification of a human blood smear showing an
eosinophil with characteristic pink-staining eosinophilic cytoplasmic
granules and bilobed nucleus.
FIGURE 6.19 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a
basophil with characteristic dark blue–staining cytoplasmic granules.
FIGURE 6.20 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a large
monocyte with characteristic “kidney-shaped” nucleus.
FIGURE 6.21 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a
seldom-seen large lymphocyte with a characteristic dense nucleus and a rim
of visible, blue-staining cytoplasm.
FIGURE 6.22 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a small
lymphocyte with a dense blue nucleus occupying almost all of the
cytoplasm.
CHAPTER 7 SKELETAL TISSUE: CARTILAGE AND BONE
SECTION 1 Cartilage
FIGURE 7.1 Endochondral ossification illustrating the progressive stages of
bone formation from a cartilage model of bone.
FIGURE 7.2 Developing fetal hyaline cartilage.
FIGURE 7.3 Hyaline cartilage and surrounding structures: trachea.
FIGURE 7.4 Cells and matrix of mature hyaline cartilage.
FIGURE 7.5 Hyaline cartilage: developing bone.
FIGURE 7.6 Elastic cartilage: epiglottis.
FIGURE 7.7 Elastic cartilage: epiglottis.
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FIGURE 7.8 Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disk.
FIGURE 7.9 Dense fibrocartilage with chondrocytes and type I collagen
fibers from a primate intervertebral disk.
FIGURE 7.10 A peripheral section of hyaline cartilage showing the
perichondrium and the cellular contents.
FIGURE 7.11 A higher magnification of the hyaline cartilage and its
cellular contents.
FIGURE 7.12 A higher magnification of a peripheral section of hyaline
cartilage with surrounding perichondrium.
FIGURE 7.13 A section of an elastic cartilage showing the peripheral
perichondrium and its contents.
FIGURE 7.14 High magnification of elastic cartilage (peripheral section).
FIGURE 7.15 A section of fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk
illustrating the density of the connective tissue.
FIGURE 7.16 A section of intervertebral disk showing the fibrocartilage cut
at a different angle, the collagen fibers, and chondrocytes.
FIGURE 7.17 Fibrocartilage from a different region of the intervertebral
disk illustrating the dense collagen fibers and chondrocytes between the
fibers.
SECTION 2 Bone
FIGURE 7.18 Histology of a section of formed compact bone.
FIGURE 7.19 Endochondral ossification: development of a long bone
(panoramic view, longitudinal section).
FIGURE 7.20 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification.
FIGURE 7.21 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification.
FIGURE 7.22 Endochondral ossification: formation of secondary
(epiphyseal) centers of ossification and the epiphyseal plate in a long bone
(decalcified bone, longitudinal section).
FIGURE 7.23 Bone formation: primitive bone marrow and development of
osteons (Haversian systems; decalcified bone, transverse section).
FIGURE 7.24 Intramembranous ossification: developing mandible
(decalcified bone, transverse section).
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FIGURE 7.25 Intramembranous ossification: developing skull bone
(decalcified bone; transverse section).
FIGURE 7.26 Cancellous bone with trabeculae and bone marrow cavities:
sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section).
FIGURE 7.27 Cancellous bone: sternum (decalcified bone, transverse
section).
FIGURE 7.28 Dry, compact bone: ground, transverse section.
FIGURE 7.29 Dry, compact bone: ground, longitudinal section.
FIGURE 7.30 Dry, compact bone: an osteon, transverse section.
FIGURE 7.31 Endochondral ossification illustrating the hyaline cartilage
matrix, calcified cartilage, and formation of the bony collar.
FIGURE 7.32 Endochondral ossification showing calcified cartilage with
bony layers and the developing bone marrow.
FIGURE 7.33 A section of the calcified cartilage in endochondral
ossification with bone marrow cells.
FIGURE 7.34 Endochondral ossification with calcified cartilage, bone
matrix, and bone-forming cells.
FIGURE 7.35 Intramembranous ossification showing the bone-forming
cells and the developing bone marrow.
FIGURE 7.36 Bone trabeculae undergoing development by
intramembranous ossification.
FIGURE 7.37 Higher-magnification bony trabeculae undergoing
intramembranous ossification.
FIGURE 7.38 Dry and ground compact bone illustrates its internal
structures.
CHAPTER 8 MUSCLE TISSUE
SECTION 1 Skeletal Muscle
FIGURE 8.1 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of
skeletal muscle.
FIGURE 8.2 Longitudinal and transverse sections of skeletal (striated)
muscles of the tongue.
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FIGURE 8.3 Skeletal (striated) muscles of the tongue (longitudinal and
transverse section).
FIGURE 8.4 Skeletal muscle fibers (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 8.5 Ultrastructure of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
FIGURE 8.6 Ultrastructure of sarcomeres, T tubules, and triads in skeletal
muscle.
FIGURE 8.7 Skeletal muscles, nerves, axons, and motor endplates.
FIGURE 8.8 Skeletal muscle with a muscle spindle (transverse section).
SECTION 2 Cardiac Muscle
FIGURE 8.9 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of
cardiac muscle.
FIGURE 8.10 Longitudinal and transverse sections of cardiac muscle.
FIGURE 8.11 Cardiac muscle (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 8.12 Cardiac muscle in longitudinal section.
FIGURE 8.13 Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle in longitudinal section.
SECTION 3 Smooth Muscle
FIGURE 8.14 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance
of smooth muscle.
FIGURE 8.15 Longitudinal and transverse section of smooth muscle in the
wall of the small intestine.
FIGURE 8.16 Smooth muscle: wall of the small intestine (transverse and
longitudinal section).
FIGURE 8.17 Ultrastructure of smooth muscle fibers from a section of an
intestinal wall.
FIGURE 8.18 Cross and longitudinal section of skeletal muscle fibers from
a primate tongue.
FIGURE 8.19 Higher magnification of skeletal muscle from the tongue
sectioned in longitudinal and transverse planes.
FIGURE 8.20 High magnification of a plastic section showing skeletal
muscle striations, peripheral nuclei, and the surrounding connective tissue.
FIGURE 8.21 Thin plastic section of a skeletal muscle showing the muscle
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spindle, its contents, and the surrounding muscle fibers.
FIGURE 8.22 High magnification of a section of primate cardiac muscle
showing the central nuclei and intercalated discs.
FIGURE 8.23 Section of a primate heart muscle illustrating the appearance
of cardiac muscle fibers cut in different planes.
FIGURE 8.24 A cross section of a small intestine wall showing the circular
(upper) and longitudinal (lower) smooth muscle layers.
FIGURE 8.25 High magnification of the circular layer of the smooth
muscle in the wall of a primate small intestine.
CHAPTER 9 NERVOUS TISSUE
SECTION 1 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
FIGURE 9.1 Central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is composed of the
brain and spinal cord. A section of the brain and spinal cord is illustrated
with their protective connective tissue layers called meninges (dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater).
FIGURE 9.2 Examples of different types of neurons located in various
ganglia and organs outside the CNS.
FIGURE 9.3 Spinal cord: midthoracic region (transverse section).
FIGURE 9.4 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neuron, and adjacent
white matter.
FIGURE 9.5 Spinal cord: midcervical region (transverse section).
FIGURE 9.6 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neurons, and adjacent
anterior white matter.
FIGURE 9.7 Ultrastructure of typical axodendritic synapses in the CNS.
Transmission electron micrograph.
FIGURE 9.8 Motor neurons: anterior horn of the spinal cord.
FIGURE 9.9 Neurofibrils and motor neurons in the gray matter of the
anterior horn of the spinal cord.
FIGURE 9.10 Anterior gray horn of the spinal cord: multipolar neurons,
axons, and neuroglial cells.
FIGURE 9.11 Cerebral cortex: gray matter:
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FIGURE 9.12 Layer V of the cerebral cortex.
FIGURE 9.13 Cerebellum (transverse section).
FIGURE 9.14 Cerebellar cortex: molecular, Purkinje cell, and granular cell
layers.
FIGURE 9.15 Fibrous astrocytes and capillary in the brain.
FIGURE 9.16 Ultrastructure of a capillary in the CNS and the perivascular
endfeet of astrocytes. Transmission electron micrograph.
FIGURE 9.17 Oligodendrocytes of the brain.
FIGURE 9.18 Ultrastructure of an oligodendrocyte in the CNS with
myelinated axons. Transmission electron micrograph.
FIGURE 9.19 Ultrastructure of myelinated axons in the CNS with a node of
Ranvier. Transmission electron micrograph.
FIGURE 9.20 Microglia of the brain.
SECTION 2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
FIGURE 9.21 Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is composed of
the cranial and spinal nerves. A cross section of the spinal cord is illustrated
with the characteristic features of the motor neuron and a cross section of a
peripheral nerve.
FIGURE 9.22 Peripheral nerves and blood vessels (transverse section).
FIGURE 9.23 Myelinated nerve fibers (longitudinal and transverse
sections).
FIGURE 9.24 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 9.25 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 9.26 Sciatic nerve (transverse section).
FIGURE 9.27 Peripheral nerve: nodes of Ranvier and axons.
FIGURE 9.28 Ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fascicle in the PNS cut in
the transverse plane.
FIGURE 9.29 Dorsal root ganglion, with dorsal and ventral roots, spinal
nerve (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 9.30 Cells and unipolar neurons of a dorsal root ganglion.
FIGURE 9.31 Multipolar neurons, surrounding cells, and nerve fibers of a
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sympathetic ganglion.
FIGURE 9.32 Dorsal root ganglion: unipolar neurons and surrounding cells.
FIGURE 9.33 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the midthoracic
region.
FIGURE 9.34 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the lumbar
region.
FIGURE 9.35 A section of the anterior horn of spinal cord illustrating
multipolar motor neurons and the adjacent myelinated axons.
FIGURE 9.36 A section of an anterior horn of the spinal cord illustrating
the cellular and fibrillar components of the cord.
FIGURE 9.37 Spinal cord spread showing a multipolar motor neuron in the
anterior horn.
FIGURE 9.38 A section of sensory dorsal root ganglion with its unipolar
neurons, axons bundles, and the surrounding connective tissue capsule.
FIGURE 9.39 A transverse section of a nerve illustrating individual cells,
axons, and the surrounding connective tissue.
FIGURE 9.40 A longitudinal section of a peripheral nerve with nodes of
Ranvier, axons, and the protein network in the washed-out myelin sheaths.
PART IV Systems
CHAPTER 10 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
FIGURE 10.1 Muscular artery.
FIGURE 10.2 Large vein.
FIGURE 10.3 Three types of capillaries (transverse sections).
FIGURE 10.4 Blood and lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue.
FIGURE 10.5 Capillaries sectioned in transverse and longitudinal planes in
the mesentery of a small intestine.
FIGURE 10.6 Ultrastructure of a continuous capillary sectioned in the
transverse plane in the CNS.
FIGURE 10.7 Ultrastructure of a fenestrated capillary sectioned in the
transverse plane in the choroid plexus of a CNS ventricle.
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FIGURE 10.8 Muscular artery and vein (transverse section).
FIGURE 10.9 Artery and vein in the dense irregular connective tissue of the
vas deferens.
FIGURE 10.10 Wall of a large elastic artery: aorta (transverse section).
FIGURE 10.11 Wall of a large vein: portal vein (transverse section).
FIGURE 10.12 Heart: a section of the left atrium, atrioventricular valve,
and left ventricle (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 10.13 Heart: a section of the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and
pulmonary valve (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 10.14 Heart: contracting cardiac muscle fibers and impulseconducting
Purkinje fibers.
FIGURE 10.15 A section of heart wall: Purkinje fibers.
FIGURE 10.16 Mesentery spread with a capillary, endothelial nuclei, and
the surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers.
FIGURE 10.17 A section of a mesentery illustrating a capillary with red
blood cells, a mast cell, and the surrounding washed-out outlines of adipose
cells.
FIGURE 10.18 Structural comparison between an artery and a vein in the
mesentery.
FIGURE 10.19 Structural comparison of layers in the walls of a vein and an
artery in the mesentery.
FIGURE 10.20 Comparison of a small artery and a vein with valves
surrounded by loose connective tissue with fibrocytes.
FIGURE 10.21 Higher magnification of an artery and a vein walls with
surrounding adipose cells.
FIGURE 10.22 Section of an arterial wall illustrating the different layers.
FIGURE 10.23 A section of the heart wall near a ventricle illustrating
different structures.
CHAPTER 11 IMMUNE SYSTEM
FIGURE 11.1 Location and distribution of the lymphoid organs and
lymphatic channels in the body.
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FIGURE 11.2 Internal contents of a lymph node.
FIGURE 11.3 Internal contents of the spleen.
FIGURE 11.4 Lymph node (panoramic view).
FIGURE 11.5 Lymph node: capsule, cortex, and medulla (sectional view).
FIGURE 11.6 Cortex and medulla of a lymph node.
FIGURE 11.7 Lymph node: subcortical sinus, trabecular sinus, reticular
cells, and lymphatic nodule.
FIGURE 11.8 Lymph node: high endothelial venule in the paracortex (deep
cortex) of a lymph node.
FIGURE 11.9 Lymph node: subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, and
supporting reticular fibers.
FIGURE 11.10 Thymus gland (panoramic view).
FIGURE 11.11 Thymus gland (sectional view).
FIGURE 11.12 Cortex and medulla of a thymus gland.
FIGURE 11.13 Spleen (panoramic view).
FIGURE 11.14 Spleen: red and white pulp.
FIGURE 11.15 Red and white pulp of the spleen.
FIGURE 11.16 Palatine tonsil.
FIGURE 11.17 A low-power section of a primate lymph node illustrating
its internal components.
FIGURE 11.18 Medium magnification of a section of primate cortex and
medulla of a lymph node.
FIGURE 11.19 Higher magnification of a primate lymph node illustrating
its contents.
FIGURE 11.20 Low-magnification section of human spleen illustrating its
contents.
FIGURE 11.21 A section of human spleen illustrating lymphatic nodules,
periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS), and the red and white pulp.
FIGURE 11.22 A section of primate thymus gland illustrating the cortex
and medulla and their contents.
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FIGURE 11.23 A section of human thymus cortex with the thymic
(Hassall) corpuscle and the surrounding cells.
FIGURE 11.24 Human palatine tonsil illustrating the crypts and the internal
structures.
CHAPTER 12 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SECTION 1 Thin Skin
FIGURE 12.1 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thin skin of
the arm.
FIGURE 12.2 Thin skin: epidermis and the contents of the dermis.
FIGURE 12.3 Skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis in the scalp.
FIGURE 12.4 Hairy thin skin of the scalp: hair follicles and surrounding
structures.
FIGURE 12.5 Hair follicle: bulb of the hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous
gland, and arrector pili muscle.
SECTION 2 Thick Skin
FIGURE 12.6 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thick skin of
the palm.
FIGURE 12.7 Thick skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis of the palm.
FIGURE 12.8 Thick skin of the palm, superficial cell layers, and melanin
pigment.
FIGURE 12.9 Thick skin: epidermis and superficial cell layers.
FIGURE 12.10 Apocrine sweat gland: secretory and excretory portions of
the sweat gland.
FIGURE 12.11 Cross section and three-dimensional appearance of an
eccrine sweat gland.
FIGURE 12.12 Glomus in the dermis of thick skin.
FIGURE 12.13 Pacinian corpuscles in the dermis of thick skin (transverse
and longitudinal sections).
FIGURE 12.14 Hairy thin skin of the human scalp illustrating hair follicles
and surrounding tissues in the dermis.
FIGURE 12.15 A section of primate thin skin illustrating the contents of the
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epidermis and dermis.
FIGURE 12.16 A section of human thick skin (palm) illustrating the
epidermis, dermis, and their contents.
FIGURE 12.17 A section of human thick skin illustrating the layers of
epidermis.
FIGURE 12.18 High-magnification section of human thick skin illustrating
the epidermal layers, a Meissner corpuscle, and the underlying dermis.
FIGURE 12.19 A section of human dermis with excretory ducts and the
secretory cells of the sweat glands surrounded by myoepithelial cells.
FIGURE 12.20 Higher magnification of a human sweat gland with
excretory ducts, secretory cells, and myoepithelial cells.
FIGURE 12.21 Pacinian corpuscle with surrounding structures in the
dermis of a male primate organ.
CHAPTER 13 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART I: ORAL CAVITY AND
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
SECTION 1 Oral Cavity
FIGURE 13.1 Sagittal section of a tooth.
FIGURE 13.2 A section of posterior tongue showing the circumvallate
papillae, the location of the taste buds, and the associated serous glands.
FIGURE 13.3 Dorsal surface of the tongue, showing the location of
different papillae and tonsils.
FIGURE 13.4 A section of the tongue epithelium showing the taste bud and
its cells spanning the entire width of the stratified squamous epithelium.
FIGURE 13.5 Lip (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 13.6 Anterior region of the tongue: apex (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 13.7 Tongue: circumvallate papilla (cross section).
FIGURE 13.8 Tongue: filiform and fungiform papillae.
FIGURE 13.9 Tongue: taste buds.
FIGURE 13.10 Posterior tongue: behind circumvallate papillae and near
lingual tonsil (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 13.11 Lingual tonsils (transverse section).
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FIGURE 13.12 Dried tooth (longitudinal section). Ground and unstained.
FIGURE 13.13 Dried tooth: dentinoenamel junction. Ground and unstained.
FIGURE 13.14 Dried tooth: cementum and dentin junction. Ground and
unstained.
FIGURE 13.15 Developing tooth (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 13.16 Developing tooth: dentinoenamel junction in detail.
SECTION 2 Major Salivary Glands
FIGURE 13.17 Salivary glands. The different types of acini (serous,
mucous, and mixed, with serous demilunes), different duct types
(intercalated, striated, and interlobular), and myoepithelial cells of a
salivary gland are illustrated.
FIGURE 13.18 Parotid salivary gland.
FIGURE 13.19 Submandibular salivary gland.
FIGURE 13.20 Sublingual salivary gland.
FIGURE 13.21 Serous salivary gland: parotid gland.
FIGURE 13.22 Mixed salivary gland: sublingual gland.
FIGURE 13.23 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the filiform
and fungiform papillae with taste buds.
FIGURE 13.24 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the
circumvallate papilla with surrounding structures.
FIGURE 13.25 Plastic section of the fungiform papilla on a primate tongue
illustrating taste buds.
FIGURE 13.26 Section of a primate serous parotid salivary gland
illustrating a striated duct and serous acini.
FIGURE 13.27 Seromucous (submandibular) primate gland illustrating
serous and mucous acini and different excretory ducts.
FIGURE 13.28 Plastic section of a primate seromucous (submandibular)
salivary gland illustrating the serous and mucous acini.
FIGURE 13.29 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland with
mucous acini, serous demilunes, and excretory ducts.
FIGURE 13.30 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland
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illustrating the mucous acini, serous demilunes, and excretory ducts.
CHAPTER 14 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART II: ESOPHAGUS AND
STOMACH
SECTION 1 Esophagus
FIGURE 14.1 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and
adventitia) in the wall of the esophagus and their characteristic contents.
FIGURE 14.2 Wall of the upper esophagus (transverse section).
FIGURE 14.3 Upper esophagus (transverse section).
FIGURE 14.4 Lower esophagus (transverse section).
FIGURE 14.5 Upper esophagus: mucosa and submucosa (longitudinal
view).
FIGURE 14.6 Lower esophageal wall (transverse section).
FIGURE 14.7 Esophageal–stomach junction.
FIGURE 14.8 Esophageal–stomach junction (transverse section).
SECTION 2 Stomach
FIGURE 14.9 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and
serosa) in the wall of the stomach and their characteristic contents.
FIGURE 14.10 Stomach: fundus and body region (transverse section).
FIGURE 14.11 Stomach: mucosa of the fundus and body (transverse
section).
FIGURE 14.12 Stomach: fundus and body region (plastic section).
FIGURE 14.13 Stomach: superficial region of gastric (fundic) mucosa.
FIGURE 14.14 Stomach: basal region of gastric (fundic) mucosa.
FIGURE 14.15 Pyloric region of the stomach.
FIGURE 14.16 Pyloric–duodenal junction (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 14.17 A transverse section of a primate esophagus illustrating the
contents of its wall. Esophageal glands proper are in the submucosa.
FIGURE 14.18 A higher magnification of a human esophageal wall
illustrating epithelium and the lamina propria.
FIGURE 14.19 Esophageal–stomach junction in a human illustrating the
34
abrupt epithelial change at the junction.
FIGURE 14.20 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a
primate stomach wall.
FIGURE 14.21 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a
human stomach wall.
FIGURE 14.22 A section of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach
illustrating the gastric pits and gastric glands with different cells.
FIGURE 14.23 A thin plastic section of the luminal surface area of the
body/fundus region of a primate stomach.
FIGURE 14.24 A section of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach
illustrating bases of the gastric glands.
CHAPTER 15 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART III: SMALL INTESTINE
AND LARGE INTESTINE
SECTION 1 Small Intestine
FIGURE 15.1 Different cell types and layers in the wall of the small
intestine.
FIGURE 15.2 Small intestine: duodenum (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 15.3 Small intestine: duodenum (transverse section).
FIGURE 15.4 Small intestine: jejunum (transverse section).
FIGURE 15.5 Intestinal glands with Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells.
FIGURE 15.6 Small intestine: jejunum with Paneth cells.
FIGURE 15.7 Small intestine: ileum with lymphatic nodules (Peyer
patches) (transverse section).
FIGURE 15.8 Small intestine: villi (longitudinal and transverse section).
FIGURE 15.9 Ultrastructure of microvilli in an absorptive cell in the small
intestine.
SECTION 2 Large Intestine (Colon)
FIGURE 15.10 Different cells and layers in the wall of the large intestine.
FIGURE 15.11 Large intestine: colon and mesentery (panoramic view,
transverse section).
FIGURE 15.12 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section).
35
FIGURE 15.13 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section).
FIGURE 15.14 Appendix (panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 15.15 Rectum (panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 15.16 Anorectal junction (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 15.17 A cross section of feline duodenum illustrating its
characteristic features. Cells with mucus secretions stain magenta-red.
FIGURE 15.18 Higher magnification of a primate duodenum with intestinal
and the characteristic duodenal glands.
FIGURE 15.19 High magnification of the villus from a human duodenum
illustrating its contents.
FIGURE 15.20 A section of human jejunum illustrating the mucosa with
Paneth cells in the intestinal glands.
FIGURE 15.21 A section of feline jejunum illustrating the bases of the
intestinal glands with Paneth cells.
FIGURE 15.22 A section of human ileum illustrating a Peyer patch and the
submucosal lymphocytic aggregation.
FIGURE 15.23 A section of human colon with temporary folds, intestinal
glands, and a section of taeniae coli.
FIGURE 15.24 A plastic section of primate colon illustrating the contents
of its wall.
CHAPTER 16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PART IV: ACCESSORY
DIGESTIVE ORGANS (LIVER, PANCREAS, AND GALLBLADDER)
SECTION 1 Liver
FIGURE 16.1 A section from the liver is illustrated, with emphasis on the
details of the liver lobule.
FIGURE 16.2 Pig liver (panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 16.3 Primate liver (panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 16.4 Bovine liver: liver lobule (transverse section).
FIGURE 16.5 Hepatic (liver) lobule (sectional view, transverse section).
FIGURE 16.6 Bile canaliculi in a liver lobule (osmic acid preparation).
FIGURE 16.7 Kupffer cells in a liver lobule (India ink preparation).
36
FIGURE 16.8 Glycogen granules in liver cells (hepatocytes).
FIGURE 16.9 Reticular fibers in a liver lobule.
FIGURE 16.10 Liver sinusoids, space of Disse, hepatocytes, and
endothelial cells in a liver lobule.
SECTION 2 Pancreas
FIGURE 16.11 A section from the pancreas is illustrated, with emphasis on
the details of the duct system of the exocrine pancreas.
FIGURE 16.12 Exocrine and endocrine pancreas (sectional view).
FIGURE 16.13 Pancreatic islet.
FIGURE 16.14 Pancreatic islet (special preparation).
FIGURE 16.15 Pancreas: endocrine (pancreatic islet) and exocrine regions.
FIGURE 16.16 Immunohistochemical preparation of a mammalian
pancreatic islet.
SECTION 3 Gallbladder
FIGURE 16.17 Wall of the gallbladder.
FIGURE 16.18 Low magnification of a pig liver illustrating lobules
separated by connective tissue septa.
FIGURE 16.19 Portal area in a pig liver illustrating its contents.
FIGURE 16.20 Higher magnification of a liver lobule surrounding the
central vein illustrating the glycogen granules in hepatocytes.
FIGURE 16.21 Section of a rodent liver lobule after injection with India ink
to illustrate the phagocytic Kupffer cells.
FIGURE 16.22 Low-power section of a primate pancreas illustrating the
endocrine pancreatic islets and the surrounding exocrine acini.
FIGURE 16.23 A higher-power section of a primate pancreatic islet, the
excretory duct, and the surrounding acini.
FIGURE 16.24 More detailed image of a primate pancreatic islet, excretory
duct, and the surrounding cells.
FIGURE 16.25 Low-power section of a primate gallbladder wall illustrating
its contents.
CHAPTER 17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
37
FIGURE 17.1 A section of the lung is illustrated in three dimensions and in
transverse section. Magnified versions of a bronchiole and a type II
pneumocyte (both circled here) are illustrated in Figures 17.2 and 17.3,
respectively.
FIGURE 17.2 Internal structure of the respiratory bronchiole in the lung
illustrating the close proximity of air in the alveolus, the blood in the
capillary, and the macrophage dust cell.
FIGURE 17.3 High magnification of a type II alveolar cell in an alveolus.
FIGURE 17.4 Olfactory mucosa and superior concha (panoramic view).
FIGURE 17.5 Olfactory mucosa: details of a transitional area.
FIGURE 17.6 Olfactory mucosa in the nose: transition area.
FIGURE 17.7 Epiglottis (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 17.8 Larynx (frontal section).
FIGURE 17.9 Trachea (panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 17.10 Tracheal wall (sectional view).
FIGURE 17.11 Lung (panoramic view).
FIGURE 17.12 Intrapulmonary bronchus (transverse section).
FIGURE 17.13 Intrapulmonary bronchus, cartilage plates, and surrounding
alveoli of the lung.
FIGURE 17.14 Terminal bronchiole (transverse section).
FIGURE 17.15 Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and lung alveoli.
FIGURE 17.16 Lung: terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar
ducts, alveoli, and a blood vessel.
FIGURE 17.17 Alveolar walls and alveolar cells.
FIGURE 17.18 A section of lung alveoli adjacent to a bronchiole wall.
FIGURE 17.19 A low-power ultrastructure of the lung, showing a portion
of a bronchiole wall and adjacent alveoli.
FIGURE 17.20 A section of a human nasal cavity illustrating the transition
and difference between ciliated respiratory epithelium (left) and olfactory
epithelium (right).
FIGURE 17.21 A section of a primate trachea illustrating the
38
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and the supportive hyaline
cartilage.
FIGURE 17.22 A section of a primate intrapulmonary bronchi with
surrounding lung tissues.
FIGURE 17.23 A plastic section of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium from a human intrapulmonary bronchus.
FIGURE 17.24 A transverse section of a primate bronchiole with
surrounding tissues.
FIGURE 17.25 A smaller bronchiole in a primate lung surrounded by
alveoli.
FIGURE 17.26 A solid terminal primate bronchiole surrounded by alveoli.
FIGURE 17.27 A primate respiratory bronchiole with alveoli and
surrounded by alveoli.
CHAPTER 18 URINARY SYSTEM
FIGURE 18.1 A sagittal section of the kidney shows the cortex and
medulla, with blood vessels and the excretory ducts, including the pelvis
and the ureter.
FIGURE 18.2 Histologic comparison of blood vessels, the different tubules
of the nephron, and the collecting ducts.
FIGURE 18.3 Kidney: cortex, medulla, pyramid, renal papilla, and minor
calyx (panoramic view).
FIGURE 18.4 Kidney cortex and upper medulla.
FIGURE 18.5 Kidney cortex: juxtaglomerular apparatus.
FIGURE 18.6 Kidney cortex: renal corpuscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus,
and convoluted tubules.
FIGURE 18.7 Ultrastructure of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule of
the kidney.
FIGURE 18.8 Ultrastructure of the apical cell surface in the proximal
convoluted tubule of the kidney.
FIGURE 18.9 Kidney: scanning electron micrograph of podocytes (visceral
epithelium of the glomerular [Bowman] capsule) surrounding the
glomerular capillaries.
39
FIGURE 18.10 Kidney: transmission electron micrograph of a podocyte
and adjacent capillaries in the renal corpuscle.
FIGURE 18.11 Kidney medulla: papillary region (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.12 Kidney medulla: terminal end of a papilla (longitudinal
section).
FIGURE 18.13 Kidney: ducts of the medullary region (longitudinal
section).
FIGURE 18.14 Urinary system: ureter (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.15 Section of a ureter wall (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.16 Ureter (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.17 Urinary bladder: wall (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.18 Urinary bladder: contracted mucosa (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.19 Urinary bladder: stretched mucosa (transverse section).
FIGURE 18.20 A low-power micrograph of a rodent unilobar kidney (in
humans, the kidney is multilobar).
FIGURE 18.21 A higher-power section of rodent kidney cortex illustrating
its contents.
FIGURE 18.22 A section through a human kidney cortex illustrating the
renal corpuscle and the surrounding ducts.
FIGURE 18.23 Longitudinal section of the medullary region of a primate
kidney with different tubules and blood vessels.
FIGURE 18.24 Longitudinal section of papillary ducts in the papilla of a
primate kidney illustrating simple columnar epithelium and the surrounding
tissue.
FIGURE 18.25 A transverse section of primate ureter, its transitional
epithelium, the smooth muscle layers, and the surrounding tissues.
FIGURE 18.26 A section of the wall from an empty primate bladder and
the appearance of the transitional epithelium.
FIGURE 18.27 A section of a distended primate bladder wall and the
appearance of the transitional epithelium.
CHAPTER 19 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
40
SECTION 1 Hormones and Pituitary Gland
FIGURE 19.1 Hypothalamus and hypophysis (pituitary gland). A section of
hypothalamus and hypophysis illustrates the neuronal, axonal, and vascular
connections between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. Also illustrated
are the major target cells, tissues, and organs that respond to the hormones
that are produced by both the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior
(neurohypophysis) pituitary gland.
FIGURE 19.2 Hypophysis (panoramic view, sagittal section).
FIGURE 19.3 Hypophysis: sections of pars distalis, pars intermedia, and
pars nervosa.
FIGURE 19.4 Hypophysis: pars distalis (sectional view).
FIGURE 19.5 Cell types in the hypophysis.
FIGURE 19.6 Hypophysis: pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa.
SECTION 2 Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, and Adrenal Gland
FIGURE 19.7 The microscopic organization of the parathyroid and thyroid
gland is illustrated.
FIGURE 19.8 The microscopic organization of the adrenal gland is
illustrated.
FIGURE 19.9 Thyroid gland: canine (general view).
FIGURE 19.10 Thyroid gland follicles: canine (sectional view).
FIGURE 19.11 Thyroid and parathyroid glands: canine (sectional view).
FIGURE 19.12 Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland.
FIGURE 19.13 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland.
FIGURE 19.14 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland: cortex and medulla.
FIGURE 19.15 Higher magnification of a section from a human pars
distalis illustrating different cell types.
FIGURE 19.16 A section of human hypophysis illustrating the pars nervosa
(left), pars intermedia (middle), and pars distalis (right).
FIGURE 19.17 High magnification of a human pars nervosa illustrating the
supportive pituicytes and Herring bodies surrounded by unmyelinated
axons.
41
FIGURE 19.18 A section of canine thyroid gland illustrating follicles with
retracted colloid and interspersed parafollicular (C) cells.
FIGURE 19.19 A section of primate thyroid gland with colloid follicles
adjacent to the parathyroid gland with oxyphil cells.
FIGURE 19.20 A section of primate parathyroid gland illustrating clumps
of oxyphil cells among the chief cells.
FIGURE 19.21 Upper portion of a primate adrenal gland cortex illustrating
the two top zones.
FIGURE 19.22 A section of primate adrenal cortex illustrating the lower
two zones and a section of adrenal medulla.
CHAPTER 20 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SECTION 1 Testis
FIGURE 20.1 Internal organization of the testis.
FIGURE 20.2 The different phases of spermiogenesis.
FIGURE 20.3 The structure of a mature sperm.
FIGURE 20.4 Peripheral section of the testis (sectional view).
FIGURE 20.5 Testis: seminiferous tubules (transverse section).
FIGURE 20.6 Testis: spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules (transverse
section).
FIGURE 20.7 Cross section of seminiferous tubules showing supportive
Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and spermatids in different stages of
development.
FIGURE 20.8 Primate testis: different stages of spermatogenesis.
FIGURE 20.9 Ultrastructure of a Sertoli cell and surrounding cells.
FIGURE 20.10 Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, and
efferent ductules (ductuli efferentes).
FIGURE 20.11 Ductuli efferentes and tubules of the ductus epididymis.
FIGURE 20.12 Tubules of the ductus epididymis (transverse section).
FIGURE 20.13 Ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section).
FIGURE 20.14 Ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section).
42
SECTION 2 Accessory Reproductive Sex Glands
FIGURE 20.15 Location of the testes and the accessory male reproductive
organs.
FIGURE 20.16 Prostate gland and prostatic urethra.
FIGURE 20.17 Prostate gland: glandular acini and prostatic concretions.
FIGURE 20.18 Prostate gland: prostatic glands with prostatic concretions.
FIGURE 20.19 Seminal vesicle.
FIGURE 20.20 Bulbourethral gland.
FIGURE 20.21 Human penis (transverse section).
FIGURE 20.22 Penile urethra (transverse section).
FIGURE 20.23 A low-power section of a canine testis, testicular blood
vessels, and the ductules of the epididymis.
FIGURE 20.24 Cross sections of seminiferous tubules illustrating their
contents.
FIGURE 20.25 A higher magnification of a section of rodent seminiferous
tubule illustrating different cell types and their development.
FIGURE 20.26 Tubules of a primate ductus epididymis illustrating their
structure and contents.
FIGURE 20.27 Smear of human semen illustrating the appearance of
mature sperm with covering acrosome caps.
FIGURE 20.28 Transverse section of a canine ductus deferens with the
surrounding muscle layers and adventitia.
FIGURE 20.29 A section of canine prostate gland illustrating its glandular
distribution and fibromuscular connective tissue.
FIGURE 20.30 Transverse section of a primate penis illustrating the erectile
tissues.
CHAPTER 21 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SECTION 1 Ovary and Uterus: Overview
FIGURE 21.1 The sequence of changes during follicular development,
culminating in ovulation and corpus luteum formation. In addition, changes
in the uterine wall during the menstrual cycle are correlated with pituitary
43
hormones and ovarian functions.
FIGURE 21.2 The ovary.
FIGURE 21.3 The anatomy of the female reproductive organs.
FIGURE 21.4 Ovary: different stages of follicular development (panoramic
view).
FIGURE 21.5 Ovary: longitudinal section of a feline (cat) ovary showing
numerous follicles and corpora lutea.
FIGURE 21.6 Ovary: a section of ovarian cortex and developing follicles.
FIGURE 21.7 Ovary: ovarian cortex and primordial and primary follicles.
FIGURE 21.8 Ovary: primordial and primary follicles.
FIGURE 21.9 Ovary: maturing ovarian follicle in a feline (cat) ovary.
FIGURE 21.10 Ovary: primary oocyte and the wall of a mature follicle.
FIGURE 21.11 Corpus luteum (panoramic view).
FIGURE 21.12 Corpus luteum: theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells.
FIGURE 21.13 Human ovary: a section of corpus luteum and corpus
albicans.
FIGURE 21.14 Uterine tube: ampulla with mesosalpinx ligament
(panoramic view, transverse section).
FIGURE 21.15 Uterine tube: mucosal folds.
FIGURE 21.16 Uterine tube: lining epithelium.
FIGURE 21.17 Uterus: proliferative (follicular) phase.
FIGURE 21.18 Uterus: secretory (luteal) phase.
FIGURE 21.19 Uterine wall (endometrium): secretory (luteal) phase.
FIGURE 21.20 Uterine wall: early menstrual phase.
FIGURE 21.21 Low-power section of a feline ovary with different stages of
follicular development.
FIGURE 21.22 Structure of a developing primary follicle in the cortex with
surrounding cells and an adjacent follicle undergoing atresia.
FIGURE 21.23 Characteristic features of a maturing secondary ovarian
follicle in the ovarian cortex.
44
FIGURE 21.24 Ampullary region of a primate uterine tube illustrating the
internal structure of the mucosa.
FIGURE 21.25 A section of primate uterine mucosa illustrating the
different cell types.
FIGURE 21.26 A section of human uterus during the proliferative phase.
FIGURE 21.27 A section of human uterus during the menstrual phase.
FIGURE 21.28 A section of human uterus in late menstrual phase showing
the basalis layer and the remnants of uterine glands after the functionalis
layer has been shed in menstrual flow.
SECTION 2 Cervix, Vagina, Placenta, and Mammary Glands
FIGURE 21.29 Cervix, cervical canal, and vaginal fornix (longitudinal
section).
FIGURE 21.30 Vagina (longitudinal section).
FIGURE 21.31 Glycogen in human vaginal epithelium.
FIGURE 21.32 Vaginal exfoliate cytology (vaginal smear) during different
reproductive phases.
FIGURE 21.33 Vagina: surface epithelium.
FIGURE 21.34 Human placenta (panoramic view).
FIGURE 21.35 Chorionic villi: placenta during early pregnancy.
FIGURE 21.36 Chorionic villi: placenta at term.
FIGURE 21.37 Inactive mammary gland.
FIGURE 21.38 Mammary gland: micrograph of an inactive mammary
gland.
FIGURE 21.39 Mammary gland during proliferation and early pregnancy.
FIGURE 21.40 Mammary gland during activation and early development.
FIGURE 21.41 Mammary gland during late pregnancy.
FIGURE 21.42 Mammary gland during lactation.
FIGURE 21.43 Lactating mammary gland.
FIGURE 21.44 A section of primate vagina illustrating its epithelium and
the underlying connective tissue.
45
FIGURE 21.45 A section of an inactive human mammary gland lobule
illustrating the ducts and surrounding connective tissue.
FIGURE 21.46 A section of a lobule from an active primate mammary
gland during pregnancy illustrating the developed alveoli.
FIGURE 21.47 A section of a lactating rodent mammary gland illustrating
alveoli with secretory products and an interlobular excretory duct.
CHAPTER 22 ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL AUDITORY
SYSTEMS
SECTION 1 Visual System
FIGURE 22.1 The internal structures of the eye.
FIGURE 22.2 The cells that constitute the photosensitive retina.
FIGURE 22.3 Eyelid (sagittal section).
FIGURE 22.4 Lacrimal gland.
FIGURE 22.5 Cornea (transverse section).
FIGURE 22.6 Whole eye (sagittal section).
FIGURE 22.7 Posterior eyeball: sclera, choroid, optic papilla, optic nerve,
retina, and fovea (panoramic view).
FIGURE 22.8 Layers of the choroid and retina (detail).
FIGURE 22.9 Eye: layers of retina and choroid.
FIGURE 22.10 A section of posterior eyeball showing the retina with a
fovea depression.
FIGURE 22.11 Optic papilla (optic disk), optic nerve, and a section of
retina in the posterior region of the eyeball.
FIGURE 22.12 A section of the posterior retina with the yellow pigment of
the macula lutea.
SECTION 2 Auditory System
FIGURE 22.13 The internal structures of the ear.
FIGURE 22.14 The cochlea.
FIGURE 22.15 The hearing organ of Corti.
FIGURE 22.16 Inner ear: cochlea (vertical section).
46
FIGURE 22.17 Inner ear: cochlear duct (scala media) and the hearing organ
of Corti.
FIGURE 22.18 Inner ear: cochlear duct and the organ of Corti.
FIGURE 22.19 Inner ear: organ of Corti in the cochlear duct.
FIGURE 22.20 A posterior region of primate eyeball illustrating the optic
nerve as it leaves the eyeball at the optic papilla.
FIGURE 22.21 A section of primate retina illustrating different layers.
FIGURE 22.22 A section of primate cochlea illustrating the ducts, their
contents, and the surrounding structures.
FIGURE 22.23 High magnification of the organ of Corti in a primate.
Index
47

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