Contents
Section 1
UPPER LIMB
1 Introduction to the Upper Limb
Parts of the upper limb 4
2 Bones of the Upper Limb
The clavicle 7
Attachments 8
The scapula 9
Attachments 11
The humerus 15
Attachments 16
Ossification 17
Clinical anatomy 18
The radius 18
Attachments 20
Clinical anatomy 21
The ulna 22
Attachments 24
Clinical anatomy 25
The carpal bones 25
Ossification of humerus,
radius and ulna 26 Relation of
capsular attachment and
epiphyseal lines 27
Attachment of carpal bones 27
Clinical anatomy 29 The
metacarpal bones 30 ‘
Attachments 31
Clinical anatomy 33
The phalanges 33
Attachments 33 Sesamoid
bones of the upper limb
3 The Pectoral Region
Surface landmarks 37
Dissection 38
al plexus 51
Clinical anatomy 52
Axillary artery 54
Branches 56
Axillary lymph nodes
57
Clinical anatomy of axilla 58
5 The Back
59
Surface landmarks 59
Muscles connecting the upper limb
with the vertebral column 62
Structures under cover of the trapezius
62 Triangle of auscultation 64 Lumbar
triangle of Petit 64
6 Cutaneous Nerves, Superficial Veins
and Lymphatic Drainage of the
Upper Limb
65
Cutaneous nerves 66
Dermatomes 68
Superficial veins 69
Clinical anatomy 71 Lymph
nodes and lymphatics 72
Clinical anatomy 72
7 The Shoulder and Scapular Region 75
Surface landmarks 75
Muscles of scapular region 75
The deltoid and structures
under its cover 75, 76
Dissection 79
Clinical anatomy 79
Intermuscular spaces 79
Axillary nerve 81
Anastomosis around the scapula 82
8 The Arm
Front of the arm 83 Surface
landmarks 83 Muscles of anterior
compartment
of the arm 84
Musculocutaneous nerve 87
Dissection 88
Brachial artery 88
Anastomosis around the elbow joint 90
Large nerves 90 Cubital fossa 91 Back
of the arm 93
Dissection 93 Triceps
brachii muscle 93 Radial
nerve 94
Clinical anatomy 96
Profunda brachii artery 96
9 The Forearm and Hand
99
Front of the forearm 99
Surface landmarks 99
Superficial muscles 100
Dissection 100
Deep muscles 103
Dissection 106
Radial artery 106
Ulnar artery 107
Dissection 109
Median nerve 109
Clinical anatomy 110
Ulnar nerve 110
Clinical anatomy 111
Radial nerve 111 Flexor
retinaculum 112
Dissection 112
Clinical anatomy 113
Carpal tunnel syndrome 113
Palmar aponeurosis 114
Clinical anatomy 114
Intrinsic muscles of hand 114
Dissection 115
Actions of thenar muscles 117
Dissection 118 Ulnar artery
120 Superficial palmar arch
120 Radial artery 121 Deep
palmar arch 122 Ulnar nerve
123
Clinical anatomy 124
Median nerve 125
Clinical anatomy 125
Radial nerve 125 Spaces of the
hand 126 Back of the forearm and
hand 129 Surface landmarks
129 Extensor retinaculum 130
Common extensor origin 131 Deep
muscles 133
Dissection 133
Clinical anatomy 135 Posterior
interosseous nerve 135
Clinical anatomy 137 Posterior
interosseous artery 137
10 The Joints of the Upper Limb
The shoulder girdle 139
The sternoclavicular joint 139
Dissection 139
Acromioclavicular joint 140
Movements of shoulder girdle 140
The shoulder joint 142
Ligaments 143
Movements 144
Clinical anatomy 147
The elbow joint 147
Ligaments 147
Carrying angle 149
Clinical anatomy 149
The radioulnar joints 149
Dissection 149
Annular ligament 149
Interosseous membrane 150
Supination and pronation 151 The
wrist joint 151
Dissection 152
Ligaments 152
Movements 153
Clinical anatomy 153
Joints of the hand 153
Dissection 154
First carpometacarpal joint 154
Metacarpophalangeal joints 154
Interphalangeal joints 155
Movements 156
Segmental innervation of movements of the
upper limb 156
11 Miscellaneous Topics
157
Surface marking 157
Axillary artery 157
Brachial artery 157
Radial artery 158
Ulnar artery 158
Superficial palmar arch 158
Deep palmar arch 158
Axillary nerve 158
Musculocutaneous nerve 158
Median nerve 158
Radial nerve 159
Ulnar nerve 159
Flexor retinaculum 160
Extensor retinaculum 160
Radiological anatomy 160
The shoulder 161
The elbow 162
The hand 163 Sympathetic
innervation 165 Embryology J
65
Upper limb 165
Skin, muscles, vertebrae and ribs 165
Comparison of upper and lower limbs 166
Appendix 1
169
Nerves of the upper limb 169
Brachial plexus 169
Erb’s paralysis 170
Klumpke’s paralysis 170
Musculocutaneous nerve 170
Axillary nerve 170
Radial nerve 171
Median nerve 172
Ulnar nerve 173
Histological features of
Skin 174
Skeletal muscle 174
Cartilage J 74
Bone 174
Blood vessel 174
Peripheral nerve 175
Ganglia 175
Clinicoanatomical Problems 775
Multiple Choice Questions 7 76
Section 2
THORAX
12 Introduction to the Thorax
181
Skeleton of the thorax 181
Clinical anatomy 182
Inlet of thorax 183
Structures passing through inlet 183
Clinical anatomy 184 Outlet
of thorax 184 Structures passing
through
diaphragm 185 Surface landmarks
of the thorax 186
13 Bones and Joints of the Thorax
189
Bones of the thorax 189
Ribs 189
Typical ribs 189
First rib 191 Costal
cartilages 193 Sternum
194 Vertebral column 196
Typical vertebra 197
Typical thoracic vertebra 198
First thoracic vertebra 199
Twelfth thoracic vertebra 200 Joints
of the thorax 200
Manubriosternal joint 200
Costovertebral joint 200
Costotransverse joint 200
Costochondral joint 200
Chondrosternal joint 201
Intervertebral joints 201 Intervertebral discs
201 Movements of the vertebral column 202
Respiratory movements 202
Principles of movements 203
Clinical anatomy 204
14 The Walls of the Thorax
205
Coverings of the thoracic wall 205
Intercostal muscles 205
Dissection 206 Intercostal
nerves 207
xiv Human Anatomy
Clinical anatomy 208 Intercostal
arteries 209 Intercostal veins 210
Internal thoracic artery 211 Azygos
vein 213 Thoracic sympathetic trunk
214
15 The Thoracic Cavity and Pleurae 277
The pleura—introduction 217
Dissection 217
Pulmonary pleura 219
Parietal pleura 219 Surface marking of the
pleura 220 Nerve supply, blood supply and
lymphatic drainage 221
Clinical anatomy 222
16 The Lungs
223
Introduction 223
Dissection 223 Features
223 Fissures and lobes 225
Root of the lungs 225
Surface marking 226
Arterial supply 227 Venous
drainage 227 Lymphatic
drainage 228 Nerve supply
228
Dissection 228 Bronchial tree 228
Bronchopulmonary segments 228 Histology of
trachea and lung 230 Development of
respiratory system 230
Clinical anatomy 231
17 Mediastinum
233
Introduction 233
Dissection 233 Divisions
233 Superior mediastinum 233
Clinical anatomy 234 Inferior
mediastinum 234 Anterior
mediastinum 234 Middle
mediastinum 235 Posterior
mediastinum 235
Clinical anatomy 236
18 Pericardium and Heart
Pericardium 237 Dissection
237 Fibrous pericardium
238 Serous pericardium 238
Sinuses of pericardium 239 The
heart 239
External features 240
Surface marking 241
The fibrous skeleton 242
Musculature of heart 242
Histology of cardiac muscle 242
The right atrium 242
Dissection 243 The right
ventricle 244
Dissection 244 The
left atrium 245 The left
ventricle 246
Dissection 246 Valves of
the heart 246
Atrioventricular valves 246
Semilunar valves 247 Conducting
system of heart 247 Arteries
supplying the heart 248
Dissection 249
Right coronary 249
Left coronary 249
Collateral circulation 251
Clinical anatomy 251
Veins of the heart 251 Nerve
supply 252 Development
252 Foetal circulation 253
Clinical anatomy 255
19 Superior Vena Cava, Aorta and
Pulmonary Trunk
257
Superior vena cava 257
Dissection 257
Relations 257
Development 258
Clinical anatomy 258 The
aorta 259
Ascending aorta 260
Arch of aorta 260
Relations 261
Clinical anatomy 261 Descending
thoracic aorta 262 Pulmonary trunk
262
Development of arteries 263
Development of veins 263
20 The Trachea, Oesophagus and
Thoracic Duct
265
The trachea
Surface marking of
left bronchus 266
Structure of trachea 266
Clinical anatomy 267
The oesophagus 267
Constrictions 268
Relations 268
Histology 269
Clinical anatomy 270
The thoracic duct
Course 270
Relations 271
Left subclavian artery 274
Superior vena cava 274
Right brachiocephalic vein 274
Left brachiocephalic vein 274
Trachea 274
Right bronchus 274
Left bronchus 274
Oesophagus 274
Thoracic duct 274
Radiography 274
Appendix 2 277
21 Surface Marking and Radiological
Anatomy of the Thorax
Surface marking 273 Internal
thoracic artery 273 Pulmonary
trunk 273 Ascending aorta 273
Arch of the aorta 273 Decending
aorta 273 Brachiocephalic artery
273 Left common carotid artery 274
273
Autonomic nervous system 277
Sympathetic nervous system 277
Thoracic part 277 Branches
278 Nerve supply of heart 279
Nerve supply of lungs 279
Typical intercostal nerves 279
Atypical intercostal nerves 280
Clinicoanatomical Problems 280
Multiple Choice Questions 281
Disclaimer:–
This Site Complies With DMCA Digital Copyright Laws. We Neither Own the Copyrights of the Content Nor Responsible for the Hosting Sites.
We Are Sharing This Material With Our Audience For Educational Purposes Only. We Highly Encourage Our Visitors To Buy The Books/Subscriptions From the Respected Owners.
Checkout Our DMCA Policy in the Disclaimer.
If Anyone with the Copyright Claim wants us to Remove the Content Kindly Contact Us Here.