1 . Introduction
Parts of the Lower Limb 4
Related Terrns 4
- Bones of Lower Limb
Hip Bone 6
Ilium 6
Pubis 70
Ischiurn II
Acetabulum 72
Obturator Foramen
12
Clinical Anatomy
Fernur 13
Clinical Anatomy
Patella 19
Clinical Anatomy
Tibia 2
Clinical Anatomy
Fibula 25
Clinical Anatomy
Bones of the Foot 29
Tarsus/Tarsds 29
Talus 30
Clinical Anatomy 31
Calcaneus or Calcaneum
32
Clinical Anatomy 33
Navicular Bone 33
Cuneiform Bones 34
Medial Cuneiform 35
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform 35
Cuboid 35
Metatarsus 36 - Phalanges 37
- Clinical Anatomy 37
- Sesamoid Bones 38
- Mnemonics 38
- 38
- Facts to Remember
- Clinicoanatomical Problem 38
- Multiple Choice Questions 38
- Front of Thigh
Surface Landmarks 40
Skin and Superficial Fascia
Dissection
Cutaneous Nerves 42
Cutaneous Arteries 43
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 43
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes 43
Subcutaneous Bursae 43
Clinical Anatomy 44
Deep Fascia and Femoral Triangle 44
Dissection 44
Clinical Anatorny 45
Femoral Triangle 45
Boundaries 45
Contents 45
Femoral Sheath 47
Femoral Canal 47
Clinical Anatomy
Femoral Artery 48
Clinical Anatomy 51
Femoral Vein 51
Femoral Nerve 52
Branches and Distribution
Muscles of the Front of the Thigh 52
Ibac-us and Psoas tvlajor 53
Clhical Anatomy
Adductor “Hunter’s/Subsartoriol Canal
55
Frts to Remember 57
Clinåcoanatomical Problem 57
Mult>le Choice Questions 57
- Medal Side Thigh
Adductor Cornæartrnent 59
Dissection 59
Boundaries 59
Muscles of Adductor Compartment of
Thigh 59
Relations Of Adductor Longus
Obturator Blerve 6
Clinical Anatomy 62
Accessory Obturator Nerve 62
Obturator Artery 63
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery 63
Clinical Amtomy 63
Facts to Remember 63
Clinicoanatcxnicai Problem 64
Multiple Choice Questions 64 - Gluteal Region
Introduction 65
Surface Landmarks
DÉæcticr. 66
Superficial Fascia 65
Cutaneous Nerves
Cutaneous Vessels and Lymphatb
Deep Fascia 66
Muscles of Gluteal Region 66
Dissection
Structures under Cover Of Gluteus
Maximus 67
55
59
65
65
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Modbus 70
Structures Dep to the Gluteus Minimus
Clinical Anatorny 70
Sacrotuberous and Scscrosplnous
I-Vnents 71
Nerves of the Gluteal Region 72
superior Gluteal Nerve 72
Inferior Gluteal Nerve 72
Sciatic Nerve 72
Clinical Anatomy 72
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
Nerve to Quadratus Femorls 73
Pudendd Nerve 73 - Nerve to the Obturator Internus 73
- Perforating Cutaneous Nerve 73
- Arteries ot Gluteal Region 73
- Superior Gluteal Artery 73
- Inferior Gluteal Artery 73
- Internal Pudendal Artery 73
- Trochanteric Anastomoses 73
- Cruciate Anastorrroses 73
- Structures Passing through the Greater
- Eiatic Foramen (Gateway Of Gluteal
- Region) 73
- Structures Passing through the
- Sciatic Foramen 74
- Facts to Remember 74
- Clinicoenatomical Problem
- Multiple Choice Questims
- Popliteal
Introduction 76
Surface Landmarks 76
Popliteal Fossa 76
Dissection 76
Popliteal Artery 78
Clinica Anatomy 79
Vein 79
Tibial Nerve 79
Clinical Anatomy
Comrnon Peroneal Nerve
Posterior Cutaneous of Thigh A)
Genicular Branch of Obturator Nerve 80
Popliteal Lyrnph Nodes 80
Clinical Anatomy 80
Anostornt%es around the Knee Joint
Facts to Remember 82
Clinicoanatomical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions - Back of Thigh
Introduction 83
Muscles and Nerves 83
Dissection 8-3
Muscles of Back of the Thigh 83
Clinical Anatomy 83
Sciatic Nerve 84
Arteries of the Back of Thigh 87
Anastomoses on the Back 01 Thigh
Facts to Remember
Clinicoanat00’ical Problem 89
Multiple Choice Questions 89
Front. Lateral and Medial Sides of
and Dorwrn of Fwt
Intrcxduction
Surface Landmarks
Superfici01 Fascia
Contents
Dbction Superficial Veins 91 Cutaneous Nerves 91 Clhical Anatorny 92 Dæp Fascio 92 Dbction 92
Superior Extensor Retinaculum 93
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 93
Clhical Anatomy 93
Muscles Of Front Of Leg 93
Dissection 93
Wwles of Anterior Comportment of
the Leg 94
Anterior Tibial Artery 94
Deep Peroneal Nerve 95
thrsum Of Foot 97
Dissection 97
Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Dorsal Artery of
the Foot) 97
Clhical Anatorny 98
Fascia and MuscB of Lateral Side of the Leg
Dissection 98
Peroneal Retinacula 98
Anatomy 98
Peroneal ML-ßCles 98
Clinical 98
Peroneal Nerve 99
Dissection 99
Chical Anatomy
Medial Side Of the Leg
Dissection
Clinical Amtorny JOI
tvlnemonics
Facts to Remember 101
Clinicoanatornical Problem
Mdtiple Choice - Back of
Introduction 103
Superficial Fascia J03
Dissection 703
or Short %phenous Vein 103
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 103
Cutaneous Nerves 703
Clinical Anatomy
Deep Fascia
Dissection 104
Boundaries and Subdivisions
Flexor Retinaculum
Clinical Anatomy
Superficial MI-scles 105
10-4
Dissection 107
Dæp Muscles
Clinical Anatomy
Posterior Tibial Artery
Peroneal Artery J 10
Tibial Nerve I JO
Clinical Anatomy
Mnemonics
109
Facts to Remember J 12
Clinicoanatornicd Problem
Multiple Choice Questions
- sole ot Foot
Introduction 13
Skin
Dissection 713
Fasciae 13
Dissection J 3
Superficial Fascia J 74
Deep Fascia J
Plantar Aponeurosis
Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments J 75
Fibrous Flexor 5eaths Y J5
Clinical Anatorny 15
Muscles and Tendons of the First and Secc%ld
Lavers 15
Dissection 15
Muscles and Tendons Of Third and Fourth
Lavers 1 15
Dissectim J 75
Plantcy Vessels and Nerves 1 16
Dissection J 16
Medial Plantar Nerve
Laterd Plantar Nerve
Clinical Anatomy 19
Medial Plantar
Laterd Plantar Artery
Plantar Arch 121
Cinical Anatomy 122
720
Facts to Remember 123
Clinicoanatornical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions
Venous and Lymphatic
Segmental Innervation, and Comparison
Of Lower and Upper Limbs
124
Venous Drainoge 124
Factors Helping venous Return 124
Of Lower Limb 124
Long Veins 125
Small or Short Saphenous V€in 126
Perforating Veins 726
Clinical Anata•ny 127
Lyrnphatic Dtcinage 127
Classification 128
Superficial Lyrnphatics 128
Lymphatics 129
Clinical Anatorny 129
Innervation 130
Dermatomes 130
Myotomes 13 J
Clinical Anatcrny 13 J
Sympathetic lnnervation
Mnemonics J”
Facts to Rernemtnr ’35
Clncoanatomical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions - Joints of Lower Limb
Hip Joint 136
Dissection 130
Type 136
Ligaments 137
Remons of the Hip Joint
Blood Supply 138
Nerve Supply 139
Movements 139
Clhical Anatorny 139
Knee Joint
Dissection MO
Type 141
Ligaments
Synovial Membrane
Dissection 144
Bursae around the Knee
Relations of Knee Joint 744
Blood Supply 144
Nerve Supply 145
Movements at the Knee Joint 146
Dis%ction 145
and Unlæking Of the Knee
Joint
Clinical Anatorny 146
Ankle Joant 147
Dissection 147
Ligaments
Relations Of the Ankle Joint
Movements 149
Supply
Nerve Supply 150
Clinical Anatomy 150
Tibiofibular Joints 150
Di$ection
149
Tibiofibular Joint
Middle Tibiofibular Joint
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint 151
Joints of the Foot 151
Dissection 15 J
Talocalcanean Joint 152
Movements 152
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint 152
Movements J 52
Calcaneocub0id JOInt 153
Transverse Tarsal or Midtarsd Joint 153
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot 153
Joints Taking Pcrt 153
Muscles Producing Movements 154
Dissection 154
Joint Cavities of Foot 15d
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal
Joints 15.5
CUnical Anatomy 155
of Locking and Unlocking
Facts to Remember 157
Clinicoanatanical Problems 157
t•åultiple Choice Questions 157
- Arches of
Introduction 159
Formation or Structure of Arches 159
Me•di01 Longitudinal Arch J59
Lateral Lor,gitudinal Arch
Anterior Transverse Arch
Posterior Trcnsverse Arch 760
Factors Responsible for Maintenance Of
Arches
Functions Of Arches 161
159
Sumrnary 162
Clinical Anatomy 163
Facts to Remember 16-4
Cinicoanatcmical Problem
Choice Questions
Venous and Lyrnphatic
Segrnental Innervation. and Compariwn
of Lower and Upper Limbs
V24
Venous Drainage 124
Factors Helping Venous Return 124
Veins Of Lower Limb 124
Long Saphenous ‘veins 126
Small Ot Short Saphenous VGin 120
Perforating Veins 126
Clncel Anatmw 127
Lyrnphatic Drainage 127
Classification 128
Superficial Lymphatics 128
Lymphatics 129
Cincal AnaWTIY 129
Segmental hnervation 130
Dermatomes 730
Myotomes 73 J
Clhical Anatorny 13 J
Sympathetic nnervatlon
Mnemonics 131
Facts to Remember ’35
CIH1icoanatomical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions - Joints Of Lower Limb
Hip Joint 136
Dissection 136
Type 136
Ligaments ’37
Relations of the Hip JOint
Blood Supply 138
Nerve Supply 139
Movernents ’39
Knee Joint 740
Dissection
Ligaments
Synovial Membrane 144
Dissection
Bursae around the knee
Relations ot Knee Joint 144
Blood Supply 144
Nerve Supply 145
Movements at the Knee Joint 146
Dissection 145
Locking and Unlæking of the Knee
Joint
Clinical Anatomy Jd6
Ankle hint 147
Dissection 147
Ugarnents 14B
Relatiorc Of the Ankle Joint
Movements 149
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Clinical Anatomy 150
Tibiofibular Joints
Dissection 150
Superior Tibiofibular Joint
Middle Tibiofibular Joint
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint 151
Joints of the Foot 151
Dissection
Talocalcanean Joint 152
Movernents 152
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint 152
Movements 152
Calcaneocuboid Joint 753
Transverse Tarsal or Midtarsal Joint 153
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot 153
Joints Taking Part 153
Muscles Producing Movements 154
Dissection 154
Joint Cavities of Foot 15.4
Metatarsophalancpal and hterphalcngeal
Joints 15.5
CEnicaI Arutomy 155
of Locking and Unlocking
Facts to Remember 157
ClinicoanaWnical Problems 157
Båultiple Choice Questions ’57
- Arches of
Introduction J 59
Fcymation Ot Structure Of Arches 159
Mecii01 Longitudinal Arch 159
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Anterior Arch
Posterior Trcwsverse Arch 760
Factors Responsible for Maintenance of
Arches J 60
Functiors of Arches 161
159
Summary 162
Clinical Anatomy 163
Facts to Remember
Clinicoanatanical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions
Anatonny - Surface Marking of Arteries 16.5
- Femoral Artery 765
- Profunda Femoris Artery 165
- R)pliteal Artery 165
- Superior Gluted Artery 16.5
- Infector Gluteot Artery 165
- Anterior Tibial Artery
- Posterior Tibial Artery 166
- Pedis Artery
- Medial Plantar Artery 166
- Lateral Plantar Artery 767
- Pmtar Arch 167
- Veins ’07
- Femoral Skin 167
- Great &aphenous Vein 167
- Small Saphenous 107
- Nerves 168
- Femoral Nerve 168
- Sciatic Nerve 168
- Tibial Nerve 168
- Ccynrnon Peroneal 168
- Deep Peroneal Nerve 168
- Superficial Peroneal Nerve 168
- md Osteology
Introduction to A.bdomen 183
Osteology 183
Lumbar Vertebrae 183
Clhic.d Anatomy
The Magnum 187
Sacral Canal 789
Attachments on the Sacrum 189
Relations ot the Sacrum
Differences
Ccx:cyx 190
Pelvis J 91
Sex Differences in the Pelvis 192
Anatomicol Position ot the Pelvs
Intervertebral Joints 193
Intervertebral Disc 193
Mnemmics J9zt
facts to Remember J 94
Medial Plantar Nerve - Lateral Plantor Nerve
- Miscellaneous Structures
- Femoral Ring 169
- 169
- 769
- 109
- Superior Extensor Retinaculum 169
- Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 169
- Flexor Retinaculum 109
- Radiological Anatorny 170
- Hip 170
- Foot
- 1
- Nerves of Lower Limb 172
- Femoral Nerve 772
- Obturator Nerve 172
- Accessory Obturator Nerve 172
- Superior Gluteal Nerve 173
- Sclatlc Nerve J 73
- Tibial Nerve 173
- Clhical Anatorny 175
- C/inlcaJ rerrns Y 77
- Arteries of Lower Limb 178
- Multiple Choice Questions 179
- Further
- Foot 72
- md
Introduction to Abdomen 78.3
Osteology J83
Lurnbar Vertebrae 783
Clinica Anatomy
The Mognurn 187
Sacral Canal 189
Attachments on the Sacrum 189
Relations of the
Sex Differences J m
Coccyx
Bony Pelvis 191
Sex D i the
Anatomical R•sition of the Pelvß
Intervertebral Joints
Intervertebral Disc 193
Mnernmic:s J 94
facts to Remember
Clinicoanatornical Problem 194
Multiple Choice 195
- Anterior Wall
Surface Landmarks 196
Skin and Superficial Fascia 197
Dissection 197
The Umbilicus 198
Clinical Anatomy 199
Superficial Facia
Clinical Anatomy
Cutaneous Nerves 2m
Arteries
Cutaneous Veins 201
Clinical Anatomy 201
of the Anterolateral Atx:iorninol
Wall 202
Dissection m2
External OblkÄue Muscle m2
Internal Oblique Muscle 203
Transversus Abdominis Muscle 204
Dissection 204
Rectus Muscle 23.4
Actions of the Maln Muscles Of the
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Inguinal Ligarnent m5
Dissection 206
Conjoint Tendon or FOIX Inguinalis 205
The Cremaster B/luscle
Clinical Anaton-ry 206
Deep Nerves of the Anterior Abdominal
Wal 207
Deep Arteries of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Rectus Sheath ay
Dissection 209
The Fascia Transversalis 21 J
Inguinal Canal
Dissection 21
Structures Passing through the Canal 212
of the Spermatic Cord 212
Mechanism of Inguinal Canal 213
m7
Clinical Anatomy 214
Mnemonics 217
to Remember 217
problem 7
Multiple Choice Questions 217
- Male Extemal Genital Organs
Introduction 219
Dissection 219
Organs Included 219
Penis 219
Root of Penis 219
Body Of Penis 220
Scrotum 22″
Clinical Anatomy 222
Testis 223
External Features 223
Arterial Supply 224
Histology of Seminiferot-s Tubule
Clinical Anatomy 225
Epididymis 226
Clinical Anatomy 226
Testis 226
Descent of the Testis 226
Ducts 227
External Genitalia 227
Facts to Remember 228
Clinicoanaton•ücal Problem 228
Multiple Choice Questions 228
- Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum
Nine rægions of Abdomen 229
Peritonetn 229
Functions of Peritoneum 23!
Clinical Anatomy 232
Peritoneal Folds 232
Disæction 232
Greater Ornenh-rn 234
Dissection 234
Leset Omentum 234
Meentety 235
Mescmpendix 236
Ttmsverse Mesocolon 236
Dssection 236
Sgmoid Mesocolon 237
Dssection 237
229
Reflection of Peritoneum on the Liver 237
Vertical Tracir•.g /%gittal Træing 238
Horizontal Tracing above Transverse
Colon 238
Horizontal Tracing telow the Level of the
Transverse Colon 239
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum in the
Lesser Pelvis (Male) 240
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum In the
Lesser Pelvis (Female) 240
Epiploic Forarnen/Ornentd Foramen/
Foramen Of Winslow 240
Lesser Soc or Omentol Bursa 240
Clinical Anatorny 241
Special Regions of tho Peritoneal Cavity 242
Supracolic Compartrnent/Subphrenic
Spaces 243
Hepatorenal Pouch (Morison’s Pouch) 243
Infracolic Compartments 243
Paracolic Gutters 244
Rectouterine Pouch (Pot.r;h Of Douglas) 244
Clinical Anatomy 2dd
Peritoneal Fossae (Recesses) 244
Clinical Anatomy 245
Facts to Remember 2.46
Clinicoanatocnical Problem 2.46
Multiple Choice Questions 247 - Part of Oesophagus and
248
Stomach
and Stomach 248
Dissection 248
Abdominal Part Of (>sophagus 248
249
Clinical Anatomy 249
Stornæh
Lccation
External Features
Relations ofStomach 257
Bloc:xd Supptv 32
Lymphatic Drainage 252
Nerve Supply 253
Interior of Stomach
Dissection 253
C”nical Anatomy 254
Histocoy of Storrach 253
Development 255
255
Facts to Remember 256
Problem
+åultiple Choice QÆ5tions 255
Srnall and Large Intestines
Small htostino 257
Relevant Features 257
Large SurfaceArea 257
Duc:denum 259
Dissection 259
Peritoneal Relations
Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum or
Ligament of Treitz 262
263
Clinical 263
Jejunurfl end Ileum 263
Dissection 260
Histology 264
Meckel’s Diverticulum (Diverticulum
Clinical Anatorny 265
Large Intestine 265
Dissection 265
Clinical Anatmy 267
Caecum 267
Clinical Anatcxny 269
Vermiform AV%jendlx 269
Histobogy 27 J
Clinical Anat01ny 271
Colon 271
Right Colc Flexure (Hegx•tic Flexure) 272
Transverse Colon 272
Left Colic Flexure (Splenic Flexure) 272
Descending Colon 272
Sigmoid Colon (Pelvic Colon) 272
Histology of colon 273
23
273
Facts to Remember 273
Clinicoanatanical Problern 274
MUtiple CYEice Questions 274
- Large Blood Vessels of the Gut
Blood VesseS 275
Dissection 275
Coeliac Trunk 275
Origin and Length 275
Btanches 275
Superior Mesenteric Artery 277
Origin. Course and Ter
3ranches 278
Superior Mesenteric Vein 279
Clinical Anatomy 20
Inferior Mesenteric Artery X.)
Branch. 28)
Inferior Mwenteric Vein 281
Clinical Anatomy 281
277
Marginal Artery of Drummond 281
Portal Veh 282
Branches Of Portal Vein 283
Troutaries 283
Portosystemic Commt-nications
(Portocaval Anastomoses) 283
Clinical Anatomy 283
Deveoprnent 284
Facts to Remember 284
Problem 2U
Multiple Choice Questions 286 - Wary
Hepatic Ducts 287
Dissection 287
Common Hepatic Duct 287
Gallbladder 288
cystic Duct 288
me Duct 289
Sphincters Related to the Bile and
Pancreatic Ducts 2m
275
287
Nerve Supply 2m
Clinical ,Anatomy 291
Histology 292
Facts to Remember 292
Clinicoanatomical Problems
Multiple Choice Questions
- Spleen, Pancreas and Liver
Dissection Zd
External Features 294
Relations 295
Arterial Supply 296
Venous Drainage 296
Lymphatic Drahoge 297
Histology 297
Development 298
Anatomy 298
Pancreas 298
Dissection 298
Head of the Pancreas
Body ot the Pancreas 3CO
Tail Of the Pancreas 301
Ducts of the Pancreas
Arterial Supply 30/
Venous Drainage 302
Lymphatic Drainage
Histology 302
Clncal Anatorny 04
Uver 304
Dissection 04
External Features 304
Five Surfaces 304
One Prominent Border
Visceral Relations
Blood Supply 307
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply “7
Hepatic Segments 307
Histology 308
Development
Clhical Anatomy
Mnemonics 370
Facts to Remember 310
Clncoanatomical Problem
Multiple Choice Questions - Kidney and
Kidneys 312
Dissection 3
Hilum 313
Relations of the Kidneys
Capsules or Coverings of Kidr,ev
Blocd Suppb,’ ot Kidney 316
Lymphatic Drainage 316
Blerve Supply 316
Exposure of the Kidney from Behind
Clinical AnaWny 317
Ureters
Dimensons 319
Norma Constrictions 3m
Relations 320
Abdomiinal Part of Ureter 320
Pelvic part of Ureter 321
Part 321
Blood Supply 322
tqerve Supply 323
Histology 323
Kidney ard Ureter 323
Anomaliæ Of the Kidney and Ureter 323
Clirücal Anatomy 328
323
Facts to Remember
Problem 325
Multiple Choice Questions 325
- Suprarenal Gland and
Chromaffin System
Suprarenal Glarxjs 326
Dissection 326
Right Suptorenal Gland 326
Left Suprarenal Gland 327
Structure and Function 327
Arterial supply 328
Venous Drainage 328
Lymphatic Drainage 328
Nerve Supply 328
Histology 328
Development Of Suptcvend Gland
Chrornaffn System 329
Clinical Anatomy 329
Facts to Remember 3.u
Clinicoanatornical Problem 330
Mdtiple Choice Questions 3.1) - Diaphragm
Gros Anatomy 331
Dissection 331
Openings the Diaphragm
Relations 333
NerveSupply 333
Actions 334
Develcpment 334
Clinical Anatomy 334
B,memonics 335
Facts to 335
Clinicoanatomical Problem 335
Multiple Choice
- Posterior Wall
Introduction 337
Blood Vessels. Muscles and Nerves
Dissection 337
Abdominal Aorta 337
Remons 337
Branches 33B
Cornrnon Iliac Arteries 339
Interior Vena Cava 339
Tributaries 339
amical 340
Abdorninal Parts of Azygos and Herr-ucnygos
veins 340
Lyrnph Nodes Of Vbsterior Abdominal
Wau 340
Cisterna Chyli 341
Muscles Of the Posterior Atxiominal Wall 3dJ
Clü1ical Anatmny 342
Thoracolumbar Fascia (Lurntxar Fcscia) 343
Nerves of the Posterior Abdomir,al Wall 343
Abdominal part of the Autonornic Nervous
System 344
Lumbcr Sympathetic Chain 344
Coeliac Ganglia and Coeliac Plexus 344
Layers Ot the Atxiornen
Clinical 348
Mnemmks 348
Facts to Remember
Clinicoanatomical Problem
Multiple Choice - Perineum
Superficial Boundaries 359
Deep Boundaries of the Perineurn
Divisions Of the Perineum 3€
Anal Region 351
Dis*ction 35
Perineal Body 352
External Anal Sphincter 352
Fossa 352
350
*aces and Canals of the Fossa 3.53
Contents of Ischicanal Fossa 354
Clinical
Male Perineum 354
Disæction 354
Male Urogenitd Region
Clirücal Anatomy 355
Deep Perineal Spæe 35.5
356
Deep Trarsverse
Distal Urethre Sphincter Mechanism
perineal tvlembrane 357
Cinical Anatomy 357
Female Perineum 358
Fernale External Genital
Vulva 358
Female Urcgenitd Region 359
Chnical Anatomy 359
Deep Perineal Space 3″)
Contents
Urethral Sphincter Mechanisn 360
Action 360
Nerve Supply 360
Compressor Urethrae 361
hincter Urethrovaginalis u J Actions Perineal Sgnces/Pouches 367 Pudendal canal 362 Pudendd Nerve 363 Clinical Anatorny Zd Internoi Pudendal Artery Internal Pudendal Vein 365 Histology Of Body of Penis/Clitoris Facts to Remember Cünicoanatmical Problem 365 Mufti Chdce Questions
- Preliminary Consideration of
and Contents of Pelvis
Lesser Pelvis 367
Muscles 367
Pelvic Inlet: Superior Aperture of Pelvis
Pelvic Outlet: Interior of Pelvis 368
Clirücal Anatomy 369
Peuc Poor 369
Clinical Anatomy 369
Cavity 370
Contents 370
Structures Crossng the Pelvic Inlet/
Brirn ot the Pelvis 370
Facts to Remember 371
Clinicoanatomical Problem 371
Multiple Choice Questions 371
Urinary Nadder and Urethra
Introduction 372
Dissection 372
Urinary Bladder 372
External Features 372
Relations 373
of the Bladder 374
Interior of the 374
Chnical Amtorny 375
Arterid Supply 375
Venous Drainage 375
Lymphatic Drainage 375
Nervo Supply 375
Clinical 375
Male Urethra 376
Posterior Port 377
Anterior Part 378
Clinical Anatorny 378
Female Urethra 379
Arteries 379
Veins 379
Lymphatic 379
Innervation 379
Walls of Urethra 379
Micturition 380
Histology of Urinary Bladder 380
Development Of Urinary Bladder and
Urethra 380
Clinical Anatomy
Facts to Remember 381
Clinicomatomical Problem 381
Multiple Choice Questions 381
- Femde Organs
Internal Genital Organs 382
Dissection 382
Ovaries 382
External Features 383
Recatjons 383
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage 384
Histology 384
Clinical Anatomy 384
Uterine Tubes $5
Course and Relations 385
Blood Supply 385
Lymphatic Drainage 385
Nerve 5-jpply 386
Histology 386
Clinical Anatomy 386
Uterus 387
Size ond .%ape 387
Normal Position and Angulation
Parts ot Uterus 387
Cervix of Uterus 387
Ligaments of Uterus 389
Arterial Supply 389
Ver-ous Drainage 389
Lymphatic Drainage .3W
Nerve 3m
Age and Reproductive
Supports of the Uterus 390
Role of Individual Supports 3m
Histology 392
Clncal Anatomy 392
Vagina 392
Extent and Situation 393
Fornices of Vagina 393
Relations 393
Arterial Supply 394
Venous 394
Lymphatic Drainage 394
Nerve Supply 394
I.Jreter in Female Pelvis 394
Histology 396
Clinical Amtomy 395
Mnemonics 397
397
Facts to Remember
Problem 397
Multiple Choice Qæstions 398
- Male Organs
Introduction 399
Dissection 399
Ductus Deferens 399
Course and Relations 3B
Arterial SLQply 4m
Venous Drainage 4m
Histology 4m
Development
Clinical
Seminal Vestles 401
Prostate 401
Situation 40!
Gross Features 40!
Zones Of the Prostate 402
Capsules and Ligaments of Prostate
Structures within the Prostate 402
Structural Zones of the Prostate 402
Blood Supply 402
Lymphatic Drainage 403
Nerve Supply 403
Age Changes in Prostate ’04
Histology 404
Development 404
Clinical AnaWny
Vertebra’ System ot Veins 405
Cornnnunications and IrnpUcations
Facts to Remember
Clinicc»natcynical Problerß 405
Multiple Choice Q.æstions
- Rectum md Anal Canal
Rectum 407
Dissection 407
Situation 407
Dimensions 407
Relations
Mucosal FOIds 409
Arterial Supply 410
Venous Drainage 410
Lymphatic Drdnczge J’
Nerve Supply
Supports of Rectum
CEnkal Anatorny
413
Dissection
Situation 413
Length. Extent and d 13
Relations of the Anal Caro 413
Interior of the Anal Canal 413
Musculature of the Anal Canal 414
Anorectal 415
Surgical Spaces Related to the Anal
Conal
Arterial Supply 415
Venous Drainage 4 IS
LymphotiC Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology 416
416
Clinical Anatomy 416
417
Facts to Remember
Clinicoanetornical Problem
Multiple Choice Quesbons - Wans of Pelvis
Vessels Of the Pelvis “79
Dissection 419
Internal Iliac Artery
Course 419
Relations - Branches 4′ 9
- Branches of Anterior Division
- Branches of Posterior Division 420
- Internal Iliac Vein 42!
- Lymph Nodes Of the Pelvis 422
- t•erves Of the Pelvis 422
- Dissection 422
- Lumbosacral Plexus 422
- Branches from Dorsal Divisions
- Branches from Ventral Division
- Coccygeal Plexus 423
- Clülical Anatorny 423
- Petvic Autonornic Nerves 423
- 423
- 423
- Pelvic Sympathetic System 423
- pelvic Wanchnic Nerves 423
- Pelvic Fascia and Muscles 423
- Petvic Muscles 424
- Dissection 424
- The Levator Ani 425
- Pubococcygeus Part 425
- Iliococcygeus Part 425
- Cæcygeus 425
- Nerve Supply 426
- Actions of Levators Ani and
- 426
- Relations Of the Levator Ani
- Clinical Anatomy 426
- Joints ot Pelvis 426
- Dissection 426
- Lumbosacral Joints 426
- 426
- Sacrococcy*’d and Intercoccygeal
- Joints 427
- Joint 427
- Ligaments 427
- Factors Providing Stability 429
- Blood Supply 429
- Nerve Sugply
- Movements 429
- Pubic Symphysis 429
- The Mechanism of Pelvg 429
- Clinicd Anatomy 429
- facts to Rernember 430
- Clinicoanatomical Problem
- Multiple Choice Questms
- Surface Marking ot Abdomen and
Pelvis
Planes and Regions of the Abdomen “31
Viscera 431
Spleen 43 J
Stomæh 43 i
Duodenum 432
Caecum 432
neocoecal Orltce or Valve
432
Appendix 432
Ascending Colon 432
Transverse Coon 433
Descending Colon 433
Rectum and Anal Cand
Liver 433
Gallbladder 433
Bile Duct 433
Pancreas 433
Kidney 433
Ureter
V€ssels 43.4
Abdominal Aorta 4.34
433
Common Iliac Artery 434
External Iliac Artery 434
Coeliac Trunk and its Branches 434
Superior tvlesenteric Artery 434
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 435
Inferior Vena Cova 435
Portal Wn 435
Miscellaneous 435
Ingl-jnol Canal 435
Root Of Mesentery 435
Radiological and
Plain Skiagrorn of 4M
Alimentary Cmal: Barium Studies 437
Med Examination 437
Bariurn Enema 438
Excretory (Intravenous Descending)
Pyelography 438
Retrograde (Instrumental or Ascending)
Pyelography 439
Biliary Apparatus 439
Hysterosanngograpty 440
Foetograrn 440
Lower Nerves 44 y
I-Ipcx>r Lumbar Nerves
Lurnbar Plexus 44
Socral Plexus 442
Pudendal Nerve 442
Abdcrninal Part of Sympathetic Trunk 442
Aortic Plexus 4.42
Pelvic Part of Symgx)thetic Trunk 442
Collateral or Prevertebral GarOia and
44 J
Plexuses 443
CcAac Plexus 443
Gastrointestinal Tract 443
Genitourinary Troct 444
Clinical Anatomy 445
Clinical Terms dd8
Multiple Choice Questions 4.50
Further Reading 452
Spots on Lower Lirnb 453
Answers 456
Spots on Abdomen ond Petvis
Answers 456
Index
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