Contents

1. Plasma Membrane 1
   I. Overview—The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma; Cell Membrane) 1
   II. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane 1
   III. Plasma Membrane Transport Processes 5
   IV. Cell-to-Cell Communication 7
   V. Plasmalemma–Cytoskeleton Association 9
   Review Test 12
2. Nucleus 15
   I. Overview—The Nucleus 15
   II. Nuclear Envelope 15
   III. Nucleolus 18
   IV. Nucleoplasm 18
   V. Chromatin 19
   VI. Chromosomes 20
   VII. DNA 21
   VIII. RNA 22
   IX. Cell Cycle 25
   X. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 28
   XI. Meiosis 29
   Review Test 31
3. C ytoplasm and Organelles 33
   I. Overview—The Cytoplasm 33
   II. Structural Components 33
   III. Interactions among Organelles 49
   Review Test 58

4. Ext racellular Matrix 61
   I. Overview—The Extracellular Matrix 61
   II. Ground Substance 61
   III. Fibers 64
   Review Test 72
5. Epith elia and Glands 75
   I. Overview—Epithelia 75
   II. Lateral Epithelial Surfaces 77
   III. Basal Epithelial Surfaces 80
   IV. Apical Epithelial Surfaces 83
   V. Glands 87
   Review Test 89
6. C onnective Tissue 92
   I. Overview—Connective Tissue 92
   II. Extracellular Matrix 92
   III. Connective Tissue Cells 93
   IV. Classification of Connective Tissue 99
   Review Test 103
7. C artilage and Bone 106
   I. Overview—Cartilage 106
   II. Overview—Bone 110
   III. Joints 120
   Review Test 121
8. Muscle 124
   I. Overview—Muscle 124
   II. Structure of Skeletal Muscle 124
   III. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 130
   IV. Innervation of Skeletal Muscle 132
   V. Cardiac Muscle 133
   VI. Smooth Muscle 135
   VII. Contractile Nonmuscle Cells 139
   Review Test 140

9. N ervous System 143
   I. Overview—Nervous System 143
   II. Histogenesis of the Nervous System 143
   III. Cells of Nervous System 145
   IV. Synapses 151
   V. Nerve Fibers 152
   VI. Nerves 153
   VII. Ganglia 155
   VIII. Histophysiology of Nervous System 155
   IX. Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System 157
   X. Central Nervous System 158
   XI. Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Tissue 160
   Review Test 162
10. Bl ood and Hemopoiesis 166
    I. Overview—Blood 166
    II. Blood Constituents 166
    III. Blood Coagulation 172
    IV. Bone Marrow 174
    V. Prenatal Hemopoiesis 175
    VI. Postnatal Hemopoiesis 175
    VII. Hemopoietic Growth Factors (Csfs) 179
    Review Test 181
11. Ci rculatory System 184
    I. Overview—Blood Vascular System 184
    II. Overview—Lymphatic Vascular System 195
    Review Test 196
12. Lymphoid Tissue 199
    I. Overview—The Lymphoid (Immune) System 199
    II. Cells of the Immune System 201
    III. Antigen Presentation and the Role of MHC Molecules 209
    IV. Immunoglobulins 210
    V. Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 211
    VI. Lymphoid Organs 212
    Review Test 218

13. E ndocrine System 221
    I. Overview—The Endocrine System 221
    II. Hormones 221
    III. Overview—Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Hypothalamus 222
    IV. Overview—Thyroid Gland 228
    V. Parathyroid Glands 232
    VI. Overview—Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 234
    VII. Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis) 237
    Review Test 239
14. Skin 242
    I. Overview—The Skin 242
    II. Epidermis 242
    III. Dermis 248
    IV. Glands in the Skin 249
    V. Hair, Hair Follicle, and Arrector Pili Muscle 251
    VI. Nails 252
    Review Test 254
15. R espiratory System 257
    I. Overview—The Respiratory System 257
    II. Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System 257
    III. Overview—Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory System 262
    IV. Lung Lobules 269
    V. Pulmonary Vascular Supply 269
    VI. Pulmonary Nerve Supply 269
    Review Test 270
16. Digestive System: Oral Cavity
    and Ali
    mentary Tract 273
    I. Overview—The Digestive System 273
    II. Oral Region 273
    III. Divisions of the Alimentary Canal 278
    IV. Digestion and Absorption 289
    Review Test 291

17. Digestive System: Glands 294
    I. Overview—Extrinsic Glands of the Digestive System 294
    II. Major Salivary Glands 294
    III. Overview—Pancreas 296
    IV. Liver 299
    V. Gallbladder 304
    Review Test 306
18. The Urinary System 309
    I. Overview—The Urinary System 309
    II. Kidneys 309
    III. Uriniferous Tubules 310
    IV. Renal Blood Circulation 320
    V. Regulation of Urine Concentration 321
    VI. Excretory Passages 324
    Review Test 327
19. Female Reproductive System 330
    I. Overview—Female Reproductive System 330
    II. Ovaries 330
    III. Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes) 338
    IV. Uterus 339
    V. Cervix 341
    VI. Fertilization and Implantation 342
    VII. Placenta 343
    VIII. Vagina 345
    IX. External Genitalia (Vulva) 345
    X. Mammary Glands 346
    Review Test 348
20. M ale Reproductive System 350
    I. Overview—Male Reproductive System 350
    II. Testes 350
    III. Genital Ducts 357
    IV. Accessory Genital Glands 359
    V. Urethra 361
    VI. Penis 362
    Review Test 363

21. Sp ecial Senses 366
    I. Overview—Special Sense Receptors 366
    II. Specialized Diffuse Receptors 366
    III. Sense of Sight—Eye 368
    IV. Sense of Hearing—Ear (Vestibulocochlear Apparatus) 378
    Review Test 384
    Comprehensive Examination 387
    Index 405

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