Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 1
   Skeletal System 1
   I. Bones 1
   II. Joints 2
   Muscular System 4
   I. Muscle 4
   II. Structures Associated with Muscles 4
   Nervous System 5
   I. Nervous System 5
   II. Neurons 5
   III. Central Nervous System 6
   IV. Peripheral Nervous System 7
   V. Autonomic Nervous System 9
   Circulatory System 10
   I. Vascular System 10
   II. Lymphatic System 12
   Organ Systems 12
   I. Digestive System 12
   II. Respiratory System 13
   III. Urinary System 13
   IV. Reproductive System 13
   V. Endocrine System 14
   VI. Integumentary 14
   High-Yield Topics 14
   Review Test 17
2. BACK 21
   Vertebral Column 21
   I. General Characteristics 21
   II. Typical Vertebra 23
   III. Intervertebral Disks 25

IV. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae 26
V. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column 28
VI. Vertebral Venous System 29
Soft Tissues of the Back 30
I. Superficial Tissues 30
II. Deep Tissues 32
III. Suboccipital Area 33
Spinal Cord and Associated Structures 34
I. Spinal Cord 34
II. Spinal Nerves 36
III. Meninges 36
IV. Structures Associated with the Spinal Cord 37
V. Dermatome, Myotome, and Sclerotome 38
VI. Development of Back Structures 39
High-Yield Topics 40
Review Test 43

3. THORAX 50
   Thoracic Wall 50
   I. Skeleton of the Thorax 50
   II. Articulations of the Thorax 52
   III. Breasts and Mammary Glands 53
   IV. Muscles of the Thoracic Wall 53
   V. Nerves and Blood Vessels of the Thoracic Wall 53
   VI. Lymphatic Drainage of the Thorax 54
   VII. Thymus 54
   VIII. Diaphragm and Its Openings 55
   Mediastinum, Pleura, and Organs of Respiration 55
   I. Mediastinum 55
   II. Trachea and Bronchi 56
   III. Pleurae and Pleural Cavities 58
   IV. Lungs 60
   V. Respiration 62
   VI. Lymphatic Vessels of the Lung 62
   VII. Blood Vessels of the Lung 63
   VIII. Nerve Supply to the Lung 65
   IX. Development of the Respiratory System 65
   Pericardium and Heart 66
   I. Pericardium 66
   II. Heart 67
   III. Great Vessels 76
   IV. Development of the Heart 76
   V. Development of the Arterial System 79
   VI. Development of the Venous System 79
   VII. Fetal Circulation 80
   Structures in the Posterior Mediastinum 81
   I. Esophagus 81
   II. Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Vessels 82

xii Contents
III. Autonomic Nervous System in the Thorax 84
High-Yield Topics 87
Review Test 93

4. ABDOMEN 104
   Anterior Abdominal Wall 104
   I. Abdomen 104
   II. Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 105
   III. Fasciae and Ligaments of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 106
   IV. Inguinal Region 108
   V. Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testis 109
   VI. Inner Surface of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 110
   VII. Nerves of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 111
   VIII. Lymphatic Drainage of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 112
   IX. Blood Vessels of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 112
   Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity 113
   I. Peritoneum 113
   II. Peritoneal Reflections 113
   III. Peritoneal Cavity 115
   Gastrointestinal (GI) Viscera 116
   I. Esophagus (Abdominal Portion) 116
   II. Stomach 116
   III. Small Intestine 119
   IV. Large Intestine 120
   V. Accessory Organs of the Digestive System 121
   VI. Spleen 126
   VII. Development of Digestive System 127
   VIII. Celiac and Mesenteric Arteries 129
   IX. Hepatic Portal Venous System 132
   Retroperitoneal Viscera, Diaphragm, and Posterior Abdominal Wall 134
   I. Kidney, Ureter, and Suprarenal Gland 134
   II. Development of Kidney, Urinary Bladder, and Suprarenal Gland 137
   III. Posterior Abdominal Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 138
   IV. Nerves of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 139
   V. The Diaphragm and Its Openings 142
   VI. Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 144
   High-Yield Topics 144
   Review Test 151
5. PERINEUM AND PELVIS 164
   Perineal Region 164
   I. Perineum 164
   II. Urogenital Triangle 164
   III. Anal Triangle 168
   IV. External Genitalia and Associated Structures 169
   V. Nerve Supply of the Perineal Region 172
   VI. Blood Supply of the Perineal Region 173

Pelvis 175
I. Bony Pelvis 175
II. Joints of the Pelvis 177
III. Pelvic Diaphragm 178
IV. Ligaments or Folds and Pouches of the Pelvis 178
V. Ureter and Urinary Bladder 180
VI. Male Genital Organs 184
VII. Female Genital Organs 187
VIII. Rectum and Anal Canal 190
IX. Blood Vessels of the Pelvis 192
X. Nerve Supply to the Pelvis 195
XI. Development of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
and Urinary Organs 196
XII. Development of the Reproductive System 198
High-Yield Topics 198
Review Test 204

6. LOWER LIMB 217
   Bones of the Lower Limb 217
   I. Hip (Coxal) Bone 217
   II. Bones of the Thigh and Leg 219
   III. Bones of the Ankle and Foot 221
   Joints and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 223
   I. Hip (Coxal) Joint 223
   II. Knee Joint 225
   III. Tibiofibular Joints 229
   IV. Ankle (Talocrural) Joint 229
   V. Tarsal Joints 230
   Cutaneous Nerves, Superficial Veins, and Lymphatics 231
   I. Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb 231
   II. Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb 232
   III. Lymphatics of the Lower Limb 233
   Muscles of the Lower Limb 234
   I. Muscles of the Gluteal Region 234
   II. Posterior Muscles of the Thigh 235
   III. Muscles of the Anterior and Medial Thigh 236
   IV. Anterior and Lateral Muscles of the Leg 238
   V. Posterior Muscles of the Leg 239
   VI. Muscles of the Foot 239
   Nerves of the Lower Limb 243
   I. Branches of the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 243
   Blood Vessels of the Lower Limb 247
   I. Arteries of the Lower Limb 247
   II. Deep Veins of the Lower Limb 251
   III. Development of the Lower Limb 252
   High-Yield Topics 252
   Summary 256
   Review Test 258

7. UPPER LIMB 273
   Bones and Joints of the Upper Limb 273
   I. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle 273
   II. Bones of the Arm and Forearm 275
   III. Bones of the Hand 278
   IV. Joints and Ligaments of the Upper Limb 278
   Cutaneous Nerves, Superficial Veins, and Lymphatics 282
   I. Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb 282
   II. Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb 283
   III. Superficial Lymphatics of the Upper Limb 284
   Axilla and Breast 284
   I. Fasciae of the Axilla and Pectoral Regions 284
   II. Axilla (Armpit) 285
   III. Breast and Mammary Gland 286
   Muscles of the Upper Limb 291
   I. Muscles of the Pectoral Region and Axilla 291
   II. Muscles of the Shoulder Region 292
   III. Muscles of the Arm and Forearm 294
   IV. Muscles of the Hand 296
   Nerves of the Upper Limb 302
   I. Brachial Plexus 302
   II. Nerves of the Arm, Forearm, and Hand 304
   III. Functional Components of the Peripheral Nerves 307
   Blood Vessels of the Upper Limb 308
   I. Branches of the Subclavian Artery 308
   II. Axillary Artery 308
   III. Brachial Artery 309
   IV. Radial Artery 310
   V. Ulnar Artery 311
   VI. Veins of the Upper Limb 313
   VII. Development of the Limbs 313
   High-Yield Topics 314
   Summary 317
   Review Test 319
8. HEAD AND NECK 337
   Structures of the Neck 337
   I. Major Divisions and Bones 337
   II. Muscles 339
   III. Nerves 340
   IV. Blood Vessels 342
   V. Lymphatics 347
   Deep Neck and Prevertebral Region 348
   I. Deep Structures of the Neck 348
   II. Deep Cervical Fasciae 351
   III. Prevertebral or Deep Neck Muscles 352
   IV. Development of Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland 352

Face and Scalp 353
I. Muscles of Facial Expression 353
II. Nerve Supply to the Face and Scalp 353
III. Blood Vessels of the Face and Scalp 357
IV. Scalp 359
Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae 360
I. Introduction 360
II. Muscles of Mastication 362
III. Nerves of the Infratemporal Region 362
IV. Blood Vessels of the Infratemporal Region 364
V. Parotid Gland 365
VI. Joints and Ligaments of the Infratemporal Region 366
Skull and Cranial Cavity 367
I. Skull 367
II. Bones of the Cranium 368
III. Sutures of the Skull 369
IV. Foramina in the Skull 370
V. Structures in the Cranial Fossae 372
VI. Meninges of the Brain 373
VII. Cranial Venous Channels 375
VIII. Blood Supply of the Brain 377
IX. Development of the Skull 378
Nerves of the Head and Neck 379
I. Cranial and Autonomic Nerves 379
II. Autonomic Nerves 379
Orbit 379
I. Bony Orbit 379
II. Nerves 381
III. Blood Vessels 383
IV. Muscles of Eye Movement 385
V. Lacrimal Apparatus 387
VI. Eyeball 388
VII. Development of the Eye 390
Oral Cavity and Palate 391
I. Oral Cavity 391
II. Palate 392
III. Tongue 393
IV. Teeth and Gums or Gingivae 394
V. Salivary Glands 396
VI. Development of the Palate 397
VII. Development of the Tongue 397
VIII. Development of Teeth 398
IX. Development of Salivary Glands 398
Pharynx and Tonsils 398
I. Pharynx 398
II. Subdivisions of the Pharynx 399
III. Innervation and Blood Supply of the Pharynx 399
IV. Muscles of the Pharynx 400
V. Swallowing (Deglutition) 401
VI. Tonsils 402
VII. Fascia and Space of the Pharynx 403
VIII. Pharyngeal (Branchial) Apparatus 403

xvi Contents
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 404
I. Nasal Cavity 404
II. Subdivisions and Mucous Membranes 406
III. Blood Supply to the Nasal Cavity 406
IV. Nerve Supply to the Nasal Cavity 407
V. Paranasal Sinuses 407
VI. Development of the Nasal Cavity 409
Pterygopalatine Fossa 409
I. Boundaries and Openings 409
II. Contents 410
Larynx 411
I. Introduction 411
II. Cartilages 411
III. Ligaments of the Larynx 413
IV. Cavities and Folds 413
V. Muscles 414
VI. Innervation 414
VII. Development of the Larynx 416
Ear 417
I. External Ear 417
II. Middle Ear 418
III. Inner Ear 421
IV. Hearing and Equilibrium 422
V. Development of the Ear 423
High-Yield Topics 423
Review Test 435

9. CRANIAL AND AUTONOMIC NERVES 451
   I. Cranial Nerves 451
   II. Autonomic Nerves of the Head 464
   High-Yield Topics 468
   Review Test 471
   Comprehensive Examination 477
   Index 498

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