Certainly, here’s a tabulated form classifying various teratogens and their associated human malformations:
| Teratogen | Associated Human Malformations |
|---|---|
| Thalidomide | Limb defects (phocomelia), ear and eye abnormalities |
| TORCH Infections | – Toxoplasmosis: Hydrocephalus, microcephaly, chorioretinitis |
| – Rubella: Congenital heart defects, deafness, cataracts | |
| – Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Sensorineural hearing loss, | |
| microcephaly, intracranial calcifications | |
| – Herpes Simplex Virus: Microcephaly, intellectual disability | |
| Physical Agents | – X-rays: Microcephaly, intellectual disability, skeletal |
| abnormalities | |
| – Hyperthermia: Neural tube defects, cardiac defects | |
| Substances | – Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome): Craniofacial abnormalities, |
| intellectual disability, growth restriction | |
| – Smoking: Cleft lip and palate, preterm birth, low birth weight | |
| – Vitamin A (excessive intake): Craniofacial abnormalities, | |
| cardiovascular defects | |
| – Mercury: Neurological abnormalities, intellectual disability | |
| – Lead: Intellectual disability, behavioral issues, | |
| developmental delays | |
| – Androgens (e.g., diethylstilbestrol): Reproductive tract | |
| abnormalities in females, testicular abnormalities in males | |
| Maternal Conditions | – Diabetes: Cardiac defects, neural tube defects, limb defects |
| – Obesity: Neural tube defects, heart defects | |
| Medications | – Antiepileptics (e.g., valproic acid): Neural tube defects, |
| facial abnormalities |
It’s vital to take note of that the impacts of teratogens can change in light of the planning of openness during pregnancy, the portion, and individual powerlessness. Furthermore, a few teratogenic impacts may not be quickly clear and may become obvious later being developed or during youth. Pregnant people and those arranging pregnancy ought to know about possible teratogenic dangers and look for clinical exhortation to limit openness and upgrade pre-birth care.