CONTENTS
PART I Introduction
PART II Cell and Cytoplasm
CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGIC METHODS 2
SECTION 1 Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections 2
SECTION 2 Histologic Slide Interpretation 3
FIGURE 1.1 Kidney cortex with renal corpuscle and different convoluted tubules. 4
FIGURE 1.2 Skeletal muscle sectioned in longitudinal plane and cross section
with surrounding blue staining connective tissue. 4
FIGURE 1.3 Villus of small intestine with brush border, columnar epithelium,
and goblet cells. 4
FIGURE 1.4 Section of a wall from the aorta, showing the presence of dark-staining
elastic fibers and the pink smooth muscles. 5
FIGURE 1.5 Intramembranous ossification in skull bones showing the blue connective
tissue, red blood cells, and blood vessels with blood cells. 5
FIGURE 1.6 Blood smear with different cells and platelets. 5
FIGURE 1.7 Cross section of the spinal cord showing the gray and white matter. 6
FIGURE 1.8 Cross section of a peripheral nerve, showing the myelin sheath of the
axons. 6
FIGURE 1.9 Small artery and veins, showing blood cells and the surrounding
connective tissues. 6
FIGURE 1.10 Planes of sections through a round object, a hard-boiled, solid egg. 8
FIGURE 1.11 Planes of section through a hollow object, a tube. 9
FIGURE 1.12 Tubules of the testis in different planes of section. 10
PART II Cell and Cytoplasm
CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGIC METHODS 2
SECTION 1 Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections 2
SECTION 2 Histologic Slide Interpretation 3
FIGURE 1.1 Kidney cortex with renal corpuscle and different convoluted tubules. 4
FIGURE 1.2 Skeletal muscle sectioned in longitudinal plane and cross section
with surrounding blue staining connective tissue. 4
FIGURE 1.3 Villus of small intestine with brush border, columnar epithelium,
and goblet cells. 4
FIGURE 1.4 Section of a wall from the aorta, showing the presence of dark-staining
elastic fibers and the pink smooth muscles. 5
FIGURE 1.5 Intramembranous ossification in skull bones showing the blue connective
tissue, red blood cells, and blood vessels with blood cells. 5
FIGURE 1.6 Blood smear with different cells and platelets. 5
FIGURE 1.7 Cross section of the spinal cord showing the gray and white matter. 6
FIGURE 1.8 Cross section of a peripheral nerve, showing the myelin sheath of the
axons. 6
FIGURE 1.9 Small artery and veins, showing blood cells and the surrounding
connective tissues. 6
FIGURE 1.10 Planes of sections through a round object, a hard-boiled, solid egg. 8
FIGURE 1.11 Planes of section through a hollow object, a tube. 9
FIGURE 1.12 Tubules of the testis in different planes of section. 10
CHAPTER 2 Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy 13
OVERVIEW FIGURE 2.1 Composite illustration of a cell, its cytoplasm,
and its organelles. 12
OVERVIEW FIGURE 2.2 Composition of the cell membrane. 18
FIGURE 2.1 Internal and external morphologies of ciliated and nonciliated
epithelium. 19
FIGURE 2.2 Junctional complex between epithelial cells. 21
FIGURE 2.3 Basal regions of epithelial cells. 21
FIGURE 2.4 Basal region of an ion-transporting cell. 23
FIGURE 2.5 Cilia and microvilli. 23
FIGURE 2.6 Nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. 25
FIGURE 2.7 Mitochondria (longitudinal and cross section). 27
FIGURE 2.8 Rough endoplasmic reticulum. 27
FIGURE 2.9 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 29
FIGURE 2.10 Golgi apparatus. 29
FIGURE 2.11 Ultrastructure of lysosomes and residual bodies in the cytoplasm
of a tissue macrophage. 31
PREFACE v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
REVIEWERS viii
x CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 Cells and the Cell Cycle 37
OVERVIEW FIGURE 3.1 Cell cycle. 36
FIGURE 3.1 Different phases of mitosis and cytokinesis. 39
PART III Tissues
CHAPTER 4 Epithelial Tissue 43
OVERVIEW FIGURE 4.1 Different types of epithelia in selected organs. 42
SECTION 1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue 43
FIGURE 4.1 Simple squamous epithelium: surface view of peritoneal
mesothelium. 45
FIGURE 4.2 Simple squamous epithelium: peritoneal mesothelium surrounding small
intestine (transverse section). 45
FIGURE 4.3 Different epithelial types in the kidney cortex. 46
FIGURE 4.4 Simple columnar epithelium: surface of stomach. 47
FIGURE 4.5 Simple columnar epithelium on villi in small intestine: cells with striated
borders (microvilli) and goblet cells. 48
FIGURE 4.6 Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium: respiratory passages—
trachea. 49
FIGURE 4.7 Transitional epithelium: bladder (unstretched, or relaxed). 50
FIGURE 4.8 Transitional epithelium: bladder (stretched). 52
FIGURE 4.9 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium: esophagus. 52
FIGURE 4.10 Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium: palm of the hand. 54
FIGURE 4.11 Stratified cuboidal epithelium: an excretory duct in salivary gland. 54
SECTION 2 Classification of Glandular Tissue 56
FIGURE 4.12 Unbranched simple tubular exocrine glands: intestinal glands. (A)
Diagram of gland. (B) Transverse section of large intestine. 57
FIGURE 4.13 Simple branched tubular exocrine gland: gastric glands. (A) Diagram
of gland. (B) Transverse section of stomach. 58
FIGURE 4.14 Coiled tubular exocrine glands: sweat glands. (A) Diagram of gland.
(B) Transverse and three- dimensional view of coiled sweat gland. 59
FIGURE 4.15 Compound acinar exocrine gland: mammary gland. (A) Diagram of gland.
(B and C) Mammary gland during lactation. 60
FIGURE 4.16 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: salivary gland. (A) Diagram
of gland. (B) Submandibular salivary gland. 61
FIGURE 4.17 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: submaxillary salivary gland. 62
FIGURE 4.18 Endocrine gland: pancreatic islet. (A) Diagram of pancreatic islet.
(B) High magnification of endocrine and exocrine pancreas. 63
FIGURE 4.19 Endocrine and exocrine pancreas. 64
CHAPTER 5 Connective Tissue 67
OVERVIEW FIGURE 5.1 Composite illustration of loose connective tissue with its
predominant cells and fibers. 66
FIGURE 5.1 Loose connective tissue (spread). 71
FIGURE 5.2 Cells of the connective tissue. 73
FIGURE 5.3 Connective a tissue, a capillary, and a mast cell in the mesentery of a
small intestine. 75
FIGURE 5.4 Embryonic connective tissue. 75
FIGURE 5.5 Loose connective tissue with blood vessels and adipose cells. 77
CONTENTS xi
FIGURE 5.6 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue. 77
FIGURE 5.7 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue. 79
FIGURE 5.8 Dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue. 79
FIGURE 5.9 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal section). 81
FIGURE 5.10 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal section). 81
FIGURE 5.11 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (transverse section). 83
FIGURE 5.12 Adipose tissue in the intestine. 83
CHAPTER 6 Hematopoietic Tissue 87
OVERVIEW FIGURE 6.1 Differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells into their
mature forms and their distribution in the blood and connective tissue. 86
SECTION 1 Blood 87
FIGURE 6.1 Human blood smear: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte,
and platelets. 89
FIGURE 6.2 Human blood smear: RBCs, neutrophils, large lymphocytes, and platelets. 89
FIGURE 6.3 Erythrocytes and platelets in a blood smear. 91
FIGURE 6.4 Neutrophils and erythrocytes. 91
FIGURE 6.5 Eosinophil. 93
FIGURE 6.6 Lymphocytes. 93
FIGURE 6.7 Monocyte. 95
FIGURE 6.8 Basophil. 95
FIGURE 6.9 Human blood smear: basophil, neutrophil, erythrocytes, and platelets. 97
FIGURE 6.10 Human blood smear: monocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets. 97
SECTION 2 Bone Marrow 100
FIGURE 6.11 Development of different blood cells in the red bone marrow
(decalcified). 101
FIGURE 6.12 Bone marrow smear: development of different blood cell types. 103
FIGURE 6.13 Bone marrow smear: selected precursors of different blood cells. 105
CHAPTER 7 Skeletal Tissue: Cartilage and Bone 109
OVERVIEW FIGURE 7.1 Endochondral ossification illustrating the progressive stages of
bone formation, from a cartilage model to bone, including the histology of a section of
formed compact bone. 108
SECTION 1 Cartilage 109
FIGURE 7.1 Developing fetal hyaline cartilage. 111
FIGURE 7.2 Hyaline cartilage and surrounding structures: trachea. 113
FIGURE 7.3 Cells and matrix of mature hyaline cartilage. 113
FIGURE 7.4 Hyaline cartilage: developing bone. 115
FIGURE 7.5 Elastic cartilage: epiglottis. 115
FIGURE 7.6 Elastic cartilage: epiglottis. 117
FIGURE 7.7 Fibrous cartilage: intervertebral disk. 117
FIGURE 7.8 Fibrocartilage—intervertebral disk. 119
SECTION 2 Bone 122
FIGURE 7.9 Endochondral ossification: development of a long bone (panoramic view,
longitudinal section). 127
FIGURE 7.10 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification. 129
FIGURE 7.11 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification. 129
xii CONTENTS
FIGURE 7.12 Endochondral ossification: formation of secondary (epiphyseal) centers
of ossification and epiphyseal plate in long bone (decalcified bone, longitudinal
section). 131
FIGURE 7.13 Bone formation: primitive bone marrow and development of osteons
(Haversian systems; decalcified bone, transverse section). 133
FIGURE 7.14 Intramembranous ossification: developing mandible (decalcified bone,
transverse section). 133
FIGURE 7.15 Intramembranous ossification: developing skull bone. 135
FIGURE 7.16 Cancellous bone with trabeculae and bone marrow cavities:
sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section). 135
FIGURE 7.17 Cancellous bone: sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section). 137
FIGURE 7.18 Dry, compact bone: ground, transverse section. 137
FIGURE 7.19 Dry, compact bone: ground, longitudinal section. 139
FIGURE 7.20 Dry, compact bone: an osteon, transverse section. 139
CHAPTER 8 Muscle Tissue 143
OVERVIEW FIGURE 8.1 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of
muscle tissue. 142
SECTION 1 Skeletal Muscle 143
OVERVIEW FIGURE 8.2 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of
skeletal muscle. 144
FIGURE 8.1 Longitudinal and transverse sections of skeletal (striated) muscles of the
tongue. 145
FIGURE 8.2 Skeletal (striated) muscles of the tongue (longitudinal and transverse
section). 147
FIGURE 8.3 Skeletal muscle fibers (longitudinal section). 149
FIGURE 8.4 Ultrastructure of myofibrils in skeletal muscle. 149
FIGURE 8.5 Ultrastructure of sarcomeres, T tubules, and triads in skeletal muscle. 151
FIGURE 8.6 Skeletal muscles, nerves, axons, and motor endplates. 153
FIGURE 8.7 Skeletal muscle with muscle spindle (transverse section). 155
OVERVIEW FIGURE 8.3 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of
smooth muscle. 156
SECTION 2 Cardiac Muscle 156
FIGURE 8.8 Longitudinal and transverse sections of cardiac muscle. 157
FIGURE 8.9 Cardiac muscle (longitudinal section). 159
FIGURE 8.10 Cardiac muscle in longitudinal section. 159
FIGURE 8.11 Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle in longitudinal section. 161
OVERVIEW FIGURE 8.4 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance
of smooth muscle. 162
SECTION 3 Smooth Muscle 163
FIGURE 8.12 Longitudinal and transverse sections of smooth muscle in the wall of the
small intestine. 165
FIGURE 8.13 Smooth muscle: wall of the small intestine (transverse and longitudinal
section). 165
FIGURE 8.14 Ultrastructure of smooth muscle fibers from a section of an intestinal
wall. 167
CHAPTER 9 Nervous Tissue 171
OVERVIEW FIGURE 9.1 Central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is composed of the
brain and spinal cord. A section of the brain and spinal cord is illustrated with their
protective connective tissue layers called meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and
pia mater). 170
CONTENTS xiii
SECTION 1 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 171
FIGURE 9.1 Spinal cord: midthoracic region (transverse section). 175
FIGURE 9.2 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neuron, and adjacent white matter. 175
FIGURE 9.3 Spinal cord: midcervical region (transverse section). 177
FIGURE 9.4 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neurons, and adjacent anterior white
matter. 177
FIGURE 9.5 Ultrastructure of typical axodendritic synapses in the CNS. Transmission
electron micrograph. 179
FIGURE 9.6 Motor neurons: anterior horn of the spinal cord. 181
FIGURE 9.7 Neurofibrils and motor neurons in the gray matter of the anterior horn of
the spinal cord. 183
FIGURE 9.8 Anterior gray horn of the spinal cord: multipolar neurons, axons, and neuroglial
cells. 183
FIGURE 9.9 Cerebral cortex: gray matter. 185
FIGURE 9.10 Layer V of the cerebral cortex. 187
FIGURE 9.11 Cerebellum (transverse section). 187
FIGURE 9.12 Cerebellar cortex: molecular, Purkinje cell, and granular cell layers. 189
FIGURE 9.13 Fibrous astrocytes and capillary in the brain. 191
FIGURE 9.14 Ultrastructure of a capillary in the CNS and the perivascular endfeet of
astrocytes. 191
FIGURE 9.15 Oligodendrocytes of the brain. 193
FIGURE 9.16 Ultrastructure of an oligodendrocyte in the CNS with myelinated
193
FIGURE 9.17 Ultrastructure of myelinated axons in the CNS with a node of
195
FIGURE 9.18 Microglia of the brain. 197
OVERVIEW FIGURE 9.2 Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is composed of the cranial
and spinal nerves. A cross section of the spinal cord is illustrated with the characteristic
features of the motor neuron and a cross section of a peripheral nerve. Also illustrated
are types of neurons located in different ganglia and organs outside the CNS. 201
SECTION 2 Peripheral Nervous System 202
FIGURE 9.19 Peripheral nerves and blood vessels (transverse section). 203
FIGURE 9.20 Myelinated nerve fibers (longitudinal and transverse sections). 205
FIGURE 9.21 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section). 207
FIGURE 9.22 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section). 207
FIGURE 9.23 Sciatic nerve (transverse section). 207
FIGURE 9.24 Peripheral nerve: nodes of Ranvier and axons. 209
FIGURE 9.25 Ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fascicle in the PNS cut in transverse
plane. 209
FIGURE 9.26 Dorsal root ganglion, with dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerve (longitudinal
section). 211
FIGURE 9.27 Cells and unipolar neurons of a dorsal root ganglion. 211
FIGURE 9.28 Multipolar neurons, surrounding cells, and nerve fibers of the sympathetic
ganglion. 213
FIGURE 9.29 Dorsal root ganglion: unipolar neurons and surrounding cells. 213
PART IV Systems
CHAPTER 10 Circulatory System 217
OVERVIEW FIGURE 10.1 Comparison of a muscular artery, a large vein, and the three
types of capillaries (transverse sections). 216
FIGURE 10.1 Blood and lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue. 221
axons.
Ranvier.
xiv CONTENTS
FIGURE 10.2 Capillaries sectioned in transverse and longitudinal planes in a mesentery
of the small intestine. 221
FIGURE 10.3 Ultrastructure of a continuous capillary sectioned in a transverse plane in
the CNS. 223
FIGURE 10.4 Ultrastructure of a fenestrated capillary sectioned in a transverse plane in
the choroid plexus of a CNS ventricle. 225
FIGURE 10.5 Muscular artery and vein (transverse section). 225
FIGURE 10.6 Artery and vein in the dense irregular connective tissue of the
vas deferens. 227
FIGURE 10.7 Wall of a large elastic artery: aorta (transverse section). 227
FIGURE 10.8 Wall of a large vein: portal vein (transverse section). 229
FIGURE 10.9 Heart: a section of the left atrium, atrioventricular valve, and left ventricle
(longitudinal section). 229
FIGURE 10.10 Heart: a section of right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary valve
(longitudinal section). 231
FIGURE 10.11 Heart: contracting cardiac muscle fibers and impulse-conducting
Purkinje fibers. 231
FIGURE 10.12 A section of heart wall: Purkinje fibers. 233
CHAPTER 11 Immune System 239
OVERVIEW FIGURE 11.1 Location and distribution of the lymphoid organs and
lymphatic channels in the body. Internal contents of the lymph node and the spleen
are illustrated in greater detail. 238
FIGURE 11.1 Lymph node (panoramic view). 243
FIGURE 11.2 Lymph node: capsule, cortex, and medulla (sectional view). 245
FIGURE 11.3 Cortex and medulla of a lymph node. 247
FIGURE 11.4 Lymph node: subcortical sinus, trabecular sinus, reticular cells, and
lymphatic nodule. 247
FIGURE 11.5 Lymph node: high endothelial venule in the paracortex (deep cortex)
of a lymph node. 249
FIGURE 11.6 Lymph node: subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, and supporting
reticular fibers. 249
FIGURE 11.7 Thymus gland (panoramic view). 251
FIGURE 11.8 Thymus gland (sectional view). 251
FIGURE 11.9 Cortex and medulla of a thymus gland. 253
FIGURE 11.10 Spleen (panoramic view). 255
FIGURE 11.11 Spleen: red and white pulp. 255
FIGURE 11.12 Red and white pulp of the spleen. 257
FIGURE 11.13 Palatine tonsil. 257
CHAPTER 12 Integumentary System 261
OVERVIEW FIGURE 12.1 Comparison between thin skin in the arm and thick skin in the
palm, including the contents of the connective tissue dermis. 260
SECTION 1 Thin Skin 264
FIGURE 12.1 Thin skin: epidermis and the contents of the dermis. 265
FIGURE 12.2 Skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis in the scalp. 267
FIGURE 12.3 Hairy thin skin of the scalp: hair follicles and surrounding structures. 269
FIGURE 12.4 Hair follicle: bulb of the hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland,
and arrector pili muscle. 271
SECTION 2 Thick Skin 272
FIGURE 12.5 Thick skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis of the palm. 273
FIGURE 12.6 Thick skin of the palm, superficial cell layers, and melanin pigment. 273
CONTENTS xv
FIGURE 12.7 Thick skin: epidermis and superficial cell layers. 275
FIGURE 12.8 Apocrine sweat gland: secretory and excretory potions of
the sweat gland. 275
FIGURE 12.9 Cross section and three-dimensional appearance of
an eccrine sweat gland. 277
FIGURE 12.10 Glomus in the dermis of thick skin. 279
FIGURE 12.11 Pacinian corpuscles in the dermis of thick skin (transverse and longitudinal
sections). 281
CHAPTER 13 Digestive System Part I: Oral Cavity and Major Salivary Glands 285
OVERVIEW FIGURE 13.1 Oral cavity. The salivary glands and their connections to the
oral cavity, morphology of the tongue in cross section, tooth, and detail of a taste bud
are illustrated. 284
SECTION 1 Oral Cavity 285
FIGURE 13.1 Lip (longitudinal section). 287
FIGURE 13.2 Anterior region of the tongue: apex (longitudinal section). 289
FIGURE 13.3 Tongue: circumvallate papilla (cross section). 289
FIGURE 13.4 Tongue: filiform and fungiform papillae. 291
FIGURE 13.5 Tongue: taste buds. 291
FIGURE 13.6 Posterior tongue: behind circumvallate papillae and near lingual tonsil
(longitudinal section). 293
FIGURE 13.7 Lingual tonsils (transverse section). 293
FIGURE 13.8 Dried tooth (longitudinal section). 295
FIGURE 13.9 Dried tooth: dentinoenamel junction. 297
FIGURE 13.10 Dried tooth: cementum and dentin junction. 297
FIGURE 13.11 Developing tooth (longitudinal section). 299
FIGURE 13.12 Developing tooth: dentinoenamel junction in detail. 299
OVERVIEW FIGURE 13.2 Salivary glands. The different types of acini (serous,
mucous, and mixed, with serous demilunes), different duct types (intercalated,
striated, and interlobular), and myoepithelial cells of a salivary gland are
illustrated. 300
SECTION 2 Major Salivary Glands 301
FIGURE 13.13 Parotid salivary gland. 303
FIGURE 13.14 Submandibular salivary gland. 305
FIGURE 13.15 Sublingual salivary gland. 307
FIGURE 13.16 Serous salivary gland: parotid gland. 309
FIGURE 13.17 Mixed salivary gland: sublingual gland. 309
CHAPTER 14 Digestive System Part II: Esophagus and Stomach 313
OVERVIEW FIGURE 14.1 Detailed illustration comparing the structural differences of
the four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia or serosa) in
the wall of the esophagus and stomach. 312
SECTION 1 Esophagus 314
FIGURE 14.1 Wall of the upper esophagus (transverse section). 315
FIGURE 14.2 Upper esophagus (transverse section). 317
FIGURE 14.3 Lower esophagus (transverse section). 317
FIGURE 14.4 Upper esophagus: mucosa and submucosa (longitudinal view). 319
FIGURE 14.5 Lower esophageal wall (transverse section). 321
FIGURE 14.6 Esophageal–stomach junction. 323
FIGURE 14.7 Esophageal–stomach junction (transverse section). 323
xvi CONTENTS
SECTION 2 Stomach 324
FIGURE 14.8 Stomach: fundus and body regions (transverse section). 325
FIGURE 14.9 Stomach: mucosa of the fundus and body (transverse section). 327
FIGURE 14.10 Stomach: fundus and body regions (plastic section). 329
FIGURE 14.11 Stomach: superficial region of gastric (fundic) mucosa. 331
FIGURE 14.12 Stomach: basal region of gastric (fundic) mucosa. 333
FIGURE 14.13 Pyloric region of the stomach. 335
FIGURE 14.14 Pyloric–duodenal junction (longitudinal section). 337
CHAPTER 15 Digestive System Part III: Small Intestine and Large Intestine 341
OVERVIEW FIGURE 15.1 Structural differences between the wall of the small intestine
and the large intestine, with emphasis on different layers of the wall. 340
SECTION 1 Small Intestine 341
FIGURE 15.1 Small intestine: duodenum (longitudinal section). 345
FIGURE 15.2 Small intestine: duodenum (transverse section). 347
FIGURE 15.3 Small intestine: jejunum (transverse section). 349
FIGURE 15.4 Intestinal glands with Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells. 349
FIGURE 15.5 Small intestine: jejunum with Paneth cells. 351
FIGURE 15.6 Small intestine: ileum with lymphatic nodules (Peyer patches)
(transverse section). 351
FIGURE 15.7 Small intestine: villi (longitudinal and transverse sections). 353
FIGURE 15.8 Ultrastructure of the microvilli in an absorptive cell in the small
intestine. 353
SECTION 2 Large Intestine (Colon) 354
FIGURE 15.9 Large intestine: colon and mesentery (panoramic view, transverse
section). 355
FIGURE 15.10 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section). 357
FIGURE 15.11 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section). 359
FIGURE 15.12 Appendix (panoramic view, transverse section). 361
FIGURE 15.13 Rectum (panoramic view, transverse section). 363
FIGURE 15.14 Anorectal junction (longitudinal section). 363
CHAPTER 16 Digestive System Part IV: Accessory Digestive Organs
(Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder) 367
OVERVIEW FIGURE 16.1 A section from the liver and the pancreas is illustrated,
with emphasis on the details of the liver lobule and the duct system of the exocrine
pancreas. 366
SECTION 1 Liver 367
FIGURE 16.1 Pig liver (panoramic view, transverse section). 369
FIGURE 16.2 Primate liver (panoramic view, transverse section). 371
FIGURE 16.3 Bovine liver: liver lobule (transverse section). 373
FIGURE 16.4 Hepatic (Liver) lobule (sectional view, transverse section). 373
FIGURE 16.5 Bile canaliculi in liver lobule (osmic acid preparation). 375
FIGURE 16.6 Kupffer cells in liver lobule (India ink preparation). 375
FIGURE 16.7 Glycogen granules in liver cells (hepatocytes). 375
SECTION 2 Pancreas 376
FIGURE 16.8 Reticular fibers in liver lobule. 377
FIGURE 16.9 Liver sinusoids, space of Disse, hepatocytes, and endothelial cells in a
liver lobule. 377
CONTENTS xvii
FIGURE 16.10 Exocrine and endocrine pancreas (sectional view). 379
FIGURE 16.11 Pancreatic islet. 381
FIGURE 16.12 Pancreatic islet (special preparation). 381
FIGURE 16.13 Pancreas: endocrine (pancreatic islet) and exocrine regions. 383
FIGURE 16.14 Immunohistochemical preparation of mammalian pancreatic islet. 383
SECTION 3 Gallbladder 384
FIGURE 16.15 Wall of the gallbladder. 385
CHAPTER 17 Respiratory System 389
OVERVIEW FIGURE 17.1 A section of the lung is illustrated in three dimensions and in
transverse section, with emphasis on the internal structure of the respiratory bronchiole
and alveolar cells. 388
FIGURE 17.1 Olfactory mucosa and superior concha (panoramic view). 391
FIGURE 17.2 Olfactory mucosa: details of a transitional area. 393
FIGURE 17.3 Olfactory mucosa in the nose: transition area. 395
FIGURE 17.4 Epiglottis (longitudinal section). 397
FIGURE 17.5 Larynx (frontal section). 399
FIGURE 17.6 Trachea (panoramic view, transverse section). 401
FIGURE 17.7 Tracheal wall (sectional view). 401
FIGURE 17.8 Lung (panoramic view). 403
FIGURE 17.9 Intrapulmonary bronchus (transverse section). 405
FIGURE 17.10 Intrapulmonary bronchus, cartilage plates, and surrounding
alveoli of the lung. 405
FIGURE 17.11 Terminal bronchiole (transverse section). 407
FIGURE 17.12 Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and lung alveoli. 407
FIGURE 17.13 Lung: terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli,
and blood vessel. 409
FIGURE 17.14 Alveolar walls and alveolar cells. 409
FIGURE 17.15 A section of lung alveoli adjacent to bronchiole wall. 411
FIGURE 17.16 A low-power ultrastructure of the lung, showing a portion of a bronchiole
wall and adjacent alveoli. 413
CHAPTER 18 Urinary System 417
OVERVIEW FIGURE 18.1 A sagittal section of the kidney shows the cortex and medulla,
with blood vessels and the excretory ducts, including the pelvis and the ureter and a
histologic comparison of blood vessels, the different tubules of the nephron, and the
collecting ducts. 416
FIGURE 18.1 Kidney: cortex, medulla, pyramid, renal papilla and calyx
(panoramic view). 421
FIGURE 18.2 Kidney cortex and upper medulla. 423
FIGURE 18.3 Kidney cortex: juxtaglomerular apparatus. 427
FIGURE 18.4 Kidney cortex: renal corpuscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus, and convoluted
tubules. 429
FIGURE 18.5 Ultrastructure of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. 431
FIGURE 18.6 Ultrastructure of apical cell surface in the proximal convoluted tubule of
the kidney. 433
FIGURE 18.7 Kidney: scanning electron micrograph of podocytes (visceral epithelium of
glomerular [Bowman] capsule) surrounding the glomerular capillaries. 435
xviii CONTENTS
FIGURE 18.8 Kidney: transmission electron micrograph of podocyte and adjacent capillaries
in the renal corpuscle. 435
FIGURE 18.9 Kidney medulla: papillary region (transverse section). 437
FIGURE 18.10 Kidney medulla: terminal end of papilla (longitudinal section). 437
FIGURE 18.11 Kidney: ducts of medullary region (longitudinal section). 439
FIGURE 18.12 Urinary system: ureter (transverse section). 439
FIGURE 18.13 Section of a ureter wall (transverse section). 441
FIGURE 18.14 Ureter (transverse section). 441
FIGURE 18.15 Urinary bladder: wall (transverse section). 443
FIGURE 18.16 Urinary bladder: contracted mucosa (transverse section). 443
FIGURE 18.17 Urinary bladder: stretched mucosa (transverse section). 445
CHAPTER 19 Endocrine System 451
OVERVIEW FIGURE 19.1 Hypothalamus and hypophysis (pituitary gland). A section of
hypothalamus and hypophysis illustrates the neuronal, axonal, and vascular connections
between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. Also illustrated are the major target
cells, tissues, and organs of the hormones that are produced by both the anterior
(adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary gland. 450
SECTION 1 Hormones and Pituitary Gland 451
FIGURE 19.1 Hypophysis (panoramic view, sagittal section). 455
FIGURE 19.2 Hypophysis: sections of pars distalis, pars intermedia,
and pars nervosa. 455
FIGURE 19.3 Hypophysis: pars distalis (sectional view). 457
FIGURE 19.4 Cell types in the hypophysis. 457
FIGURE 19.5 Hypophysis: pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa. 459
OVERVIEW FIGURE 19.2 Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland. The
microscopic organization and general location in the body of the thyroid, parathyroid,
and adrenal glands are illustrated. 462
SECTION 2 Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, and Adrenal Gland 463
FIGURE 19.6 Thyroid gland: canine (general view). 465
FIGURE 19.7 Thyroid gland follicles: canine (sectional view). 465
FIGURE 19.8 Thyroid and parathyroid glands: canine (sectional view). 467
FIGURE 19.9 Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland. 469
FIGURE 19.10 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland. 471
FIGURE 19.11 Adrenal (suprarenal) gland: cortex and medulla. 473
CHAPTER 20 Male Reproductive System 477
OVERVIEW FIGURE 20.1 Location of the testes and the accessory male reproductive
organs, with emphasis on the internal organization of the testis, the different phases of
spermiogenesis, and the structure of a mature sperm. 476
SECTION 1 Testis 477
FIGURE 20.1 Peripheral section of testis (sectional view). 481
FIGURE 20.2 Testis: seminiferous tubules (transverse section). 481
FIGURE 20.3 Testis: spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules (transverse section). 483
FIGURE 20.4 Cross section of seminiferous tubules showing supportive Sertoli cells,
spermatogonia, and spermatids in different stages of development. 483
FIGURE 20.5 Primate testis: different stages of spermatogenesis. 485
FIGURE 20.6 Ultrastructure of a Sertoli cell and surrounding cells. 485
FIGURE 20.7 Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, and efferent ductules
(ductuli efferentes). 487
FIGURE 20.8 Ductuli efferentes and tubules of ductus epididymis. 487
CONTENTS xix
FIGURE 20.9 Tubules of ductus epididymis (transverse section). 489
FIGURE 20.10 Ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section). 489
FIGURE 20.11 Ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens (transverse section). 491
SECTION 2 Accessory Reproductive Sex Glands 494
FIGURE 20.12 Prostate gland and prostatic urethra. 495
FIGURE 20.13 Prostate gland: glandular acini and prostatic concretions. 497
FIGURE 20.14 Prostate gland: prostatic glands with prostatic concretions. 497
FIGURE 20.15 Seminal vesicle. 499
FIGURE 20.16 Bulbourethral gland. 499
FIGURE 20.17 Human penis (transverse section). 501
FIGURE 20.18 Penile urethra (transverse section). 501
CHAPTER 21 Female Reproductive System 505
OVERVIEW FIGURE 21.1 The anatomy of the female reproductive organs is presented
in detail, with emphasis on the ovary and the sequence of changes during follicular
development, culminating in ovulation and corpus luteum formation. In addition, the
changes in the uterine wall during the menstrual cycle are correlated with pituitary
hormones and ovarian functions. 504
SECTION 1 Ovary and Uterus—An Overview 505
FIGURE 21.1 Ovary: different stages of follicular development (panoramic view). 509
FIGURE 21.2 Ovary: longitudinal section of a feline (cat) ovary showing numerous
follicles and corpora lutea. 511
FIGURE 21.3 Ovary: a section of ovarian cortex and developing follicles. 511
FIGURE 21.4 Ovary: ovarian cortex and primordial and primary follicles. 513
FIGURE 21.5 Ovary: primordial and primary follicles. 513
FIGURE 21.6 Ovary: maturing ovarian follicle in feline (cat) ovary. 515
FIGURE 21.7 Ovary: primary oocyte and wall of a mature follicle. 515
FIGURE 21.8 Corpus luteum (panoramic view). 517
FIGURE 21.9 Corpus luteum: theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells. 517
FIGURE 21.10 Human ovary: a section of corpus luteum and corpus albicans. 519
FIGURE 21.11 Uterine tube: ampulla with mesosalpinx ligament (panoramic view,
transverse section). 521
FIGURE 21.12 Uterine tube: mucosal folds. 521
FIGURE 21.13 Uterine tube: lining epithelium. 523
FIGURE 21.14 Uterus: proliferative (follicular) phase. 525
FIGURE 21.15 Uterus: secretory (luteal) phase. 527
FIGURE 21.16 Uterine wall (endometrium): secretory (luteal) phase. 529
FIGURE 21.17 Uterine wall: menstrual phase. 531
SECTION 2 Cervix, Vagina, Placenta, and Mammary Glands 535
FIGURE 21.18 Cervix, cervical canal, and vaginal fornix (longitudinal section). 537
FIGURE 21.19 Vagina (longitudinal section). 539
FIGURE 21.20 Glycogen in human vaginal epithelium. 539
FIGURE 21.21 Vaginal exfoliate cytology (vaginal smear) during different reproductive
phases. 541
FIGURE 21.22 Vagina: surface epithelium. 543
FIGURE 21.23 Human placenta (panoramic view). 545
FIGURE 21.24 Chorionic villi: placenta during early pregnancy. 547
FIGURE 21.25 Chorionic villi: placenta at term. 547
FIGURE 21.26 Inactive mammary gland. 549
FIGURE 21.27 Mammary gland: micrograph of inactive mammary gland. 549
xx CONTENTS
FIGURE 21.28 Mammary gland during proliferation and early pregnancy. 551
FIGURE 21.29 Mammary gland during activation and early development. 551
FIGURE 21.30 Mammary gland during late pregnancy. 553
FIGURE 21.31 Mammary gland during lactation. 553
FIGURE 21.32 Lactating mammary gland. 555
CHAPTER 22 Organs of Special Senses: Visual and Auditory Systems 559
OVERVIEW FIGURE 22.1 The internal structures of the eye and the ear are illustrated,
with emphasis on the cells that constitute the photosensitive retina and the hearing
organ of Corti. 558
SECTION 1 Visual System 559
FIGURE 22.1 Eyelid (sagittal section). 561
FIGURE 22.2 Lacrimal gland. 563
FIGURE 22.3 Cornea (transverse section). 563
FIGURE 22.4 Whole eye (sagittal section). 565
FIGURE 22.5 Posterior eyeball: sclera, choroid, optic papilla, optic nerve, retina, and
fovea (panoramic view). 565
FIGURE 22.6 Layers of choroid and retina (detail). 567
FIGURE 22.7 Eye: layers of retina and choroid. 567
FIGURE 22.8 Section of posterior eyeball showing retina with depression fovea. 569
FIGURE 22.9 Optic papilla (optic disk), optic nerve, and the section of retina in the
posterior region of the eyeball. 569
FIGURE 22.10 Section of posterior retina with the yellow pigment of macula lutea. 571
SECTION 2 Auditory System 574
FIGURE 22.11 Inner ear: cochlea (vertical section). 575
FIGURE 22.12 Inner ear: cochlear duct (scala media) and the hearing organ of Corti. 577
FIGURE 22.13 Inner ear: cochlear duct and the organ of Corti. 577
FIGURE 22.14 Inner ear: organ of Corti in the cochlear duct. 579