CONTENTS
Preface v
1 VERTEBRAL COLUMN 1
I. The Vertebral Column 1
II. Normal and Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column 2
III. Vertebral Levels of Various Anatomical Structures 3
IV. Joints 4
V. Vasculature of the Vertebral Column 5
VI. Clinical Considerations 5
VII. Normal Radiology 10
2 SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 14
I. Components of the Spinal Cord 14
II. Meninges and Spaces 14
III. Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord 16
IV. Components of a Spinal Nerve 16
V. Dermatomes 18
VI. Clinical Procedures 18
VII. Clinical Considerations 21
3 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 24
I. General Features of the Nervous System 24
II. Sympathetic Division of the ANS (Thoracolumbar) 24
III. Parasympathetic Division of the ANS (Craniosacral) 28
IV. Summary Table of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Motor Actions 32
4 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 33
I. Central Lymphatic Drainage 33
II. Summary Diagram of Specific Lymphatic Drainage 34
5 CHEST WALL 36
I. General Features of the Thorax 36
II. Bones of the Thorax 36
III. Muscles of the Thorax 37
IV. Movement of the Thoracic Wall 38
V. Arteries of the Thorax 39
VI. Veins of the Thorax 39
VII. Nerves of the Thorax 39
VIII. Breast 39
IX. Anterior Chest Wall 42
X. Lateral Chest Wall 45
XI. Posterior Chest Wall 47
XII. Mediastinum 47
XIII. Radiology 49
6 PLEURA, TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE, LUNGS 53
I. Pleura 53
II. Tracheobronchial Tree 55
III. Lungs 57
IV. Clinical Considerations 59
V. Cross-sectional Anatomy 63
7 THE HEART 70
I. The Pericardium 70
II. Heart Surfaces 71
III. Heart Borders 71
IV. Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 73
V. Valves and Auscultation Sites 73
VI. Arterial Supply of the Heart 74
VII. Venous Drainage of the Heart 76
VIII. The Conduction System 76
IX. Innervation of the Heart 77
X. Gross Anatomy of the Heart 78
XI. Clinical Considerations 80
XII. Radiology 83
8 ABDOMINAL WALL 89
I. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants 89
II. Muscles 90
III. Clinical Procedure 90
IV. Inguinal Region 91
V. The Scrotum 93
9 PERITONEAL CAVITY 95
I. Peritoneal Cavity 95
II. Omentum 97
III. Intraperitoneal and Extraperitoneal Viscera 97
IV. Clinical Considerations 97
10 ABDOMINAL VASCULATURE 98
I. Abdominal Aorta 98
II. Venous Drainage of Abdomen 100
III. Hepatic Portal System 102
11 ABDOMINAL VISCERA 104
I. Esophagus 104
II. Stomach 107
III. Duodenum 108
IV. Jejunum 111
V. Ileum 111
VI. Innervation of the Small Intestine 112
VII. Large Intestine 112
VIII. Innervation of the Large Intestine 114
IX. Appendix 115
X. Gallbladder 116
XI. Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts 116
XII. Liver 119
XIII. Pancreas 121
XIV. Cross-sectional Anatomy 123
XV. Radiology 126
12 SIGMOID COLON, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL 129
I. Sigmoid Colon 129
II. Rectum 131
III. Anal Canal 132
IV. Defecation Reflex 133
V. Radiology 134
13 SPLEEN 135
I. General Features 135
II. Arterial Supply 135
III. Venous Drainage 135
IV. Clinical Considerations 136
V. Radiology 137
14 KIDNEY, URETER, BLADDER, AND URETHRA 138
I. General Features 138
II. Kidney Surface Projections 139
III. Internal Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney 139
IV. Arterial Supply 140
V. Venous Drainage 141
VI. Innervation 142
VII. Clinical Considerations of the Kidney 142
VIII. Ureter 143
IX. Urinary Bladder 145
X. Urethra 151
XI. Radiology 152
15 SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS 157
I. General Features 157
II. Arterial Supply 158
III. Venous Drainage 158
IV. Innervation 158
V. Adrenal Cortex 158
VI. Adrenal Medulla 160
16 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 162
I. Ovaries 162
II. Uterine Tubes 162
III. Uterus 164
IV. Cervix 167
V. Ectocervix 167
VI. Vagina 168
VII. External Genitalia 170
VIII. Innervation of the Female Reproductive System 171
17 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 172
I. Testes 172
II. Epididymis 176
III. Ductus Deferens 176
IV. Contents of the Spermatic Cord 177
V. Ejaculatory Duct 177
VI. Seminal Vesicles 177
VII. Bulbourethral (BU) Glands of Cowper 177
VIII. Prostate Gland 178
IX. Penis 180
X. Innervation of the Male Reproductive System 182
XI. Erection, Secretion, Emission, and Ejaculation 182
18 PELVIS 183
I. Bones of the Pelvis 183
II. Greater and Lesser Sciatic Foramina 185
III. Pelvic Inlet (Pelvic Brim) 185
IV. Pelvic Outlet 185
x Contents
V. Comparison of the Female and Male Pelvis 187
VI. Muscles of the Pelvis 188
VII. Arterial Supply 188
VIII. Venous Drainage 189
IX. Nerves 190
X. Support of the Pelvic Organs 191
XI. Clinical Considerations 192
XII. Radiology 194
19 PERINEUM 195
I. Perineum 195
II. Urogenital (UG) Triangle 196
III. Anal Triangle 197
IV. Muscles of the Male and Female Perineum 197
20 UPPER LIMB 199
I. Bones 199
II. Muscles 199
III. Arterial Supply 199
IV. Venous Drainage 203
V. Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb 204
VI. Brachial Plexus 204
VII. Nerve Lesions 207
VIII. Shoulder Region 209
IX. Elbow Region 212
X. Wrist and Hand Region 215
XI. Cross Sectional Anatomy of Right Arm and Right Forearm 219
21 LOWER LIMB 221
I. Bones 221
II. Muscles 221
III. Arterial Supply 221
IV. Venous Drainage 225
V. Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb 226
VI. The Lumbar Plexus 227
VII. Nerve Lesions 229
VIII. Hip and Gluteal Region 229
IX. Knee Region 233
X. Ankle and Foot Region 234
XI. Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Right Thigh and Right Leg 238
22 HEAD 242
I. Skull 242
II. Scalp 245
III. Meninges 246
IV. Muscles of the Head 247
V. Arterial Supply 247
VI. Venous Drainage 251
VII. Clinical Considerations 253
VIII. Cranial Nerves 256
23 NECK 260
I. Muscles of the Neck 260
II. Cervical Plexus 260
III. Cervical Triangles of the Neck 261
IV. Larynx 264
V. Thyroid Gland 268
VI. Parathyroid Gland 268
VII. Parotid Gland 268
VIII. Cross Section of the Neck at the Level of C7 Vertebra 269
24 EYE 270
I. Bony Orbit 270
II. Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus 271
III. The Globe or Eyeball 273
IV. Extraocular Musculature 275
V. Arterial Supply of the Orbit 277
VI. Venous Drainage of the Orbit 277
VII. Clinical Considerations 278
25 EAR 281
I. General Features 281
II. External Ear 281
III. Middle Ear 283
IV. Inner Ear 284
V. Clinical Considerations 286
Appendix 1: Muscles of the Arm 287
Appendix 2: Muscles of the Leg 290
Credits 293
Index 297
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