Section I O verview of the Professions
1 Professions for the Twenty-First Century 3
Melanie W. Hudson, MA and Mark DeRuiter, PhD, MBA
Introduction 3
Trends in Technology and the Digital Revolution 4
Twenty-First Century Trends and Issues 5
Summary 7
Critical Thinking 8
References 8
Appendix 1–A ASHA Scope of Practice in Audiology 9
Appendix 1–B ASHA Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology 39
2 Professional Issues: A View from History 57
Judith Felson Duchan, PhD and Susan Felsenfeld, PhD
Introduction 57
The Profession’s Organization: 1918 to Today 58
Membership and Professional Qualification Requirements: 1926 to Today 59
Scope of Practice and Practice Frameworks: 1926 to Today 64
Recent Trends 72
Summary 73
Critical Thinking 73
References 74
3 Establishing Competencies in Professional 83
Education, Certification, and Licensure
Lissa Power-deFur, PhD
Introduction 83
How Do You Know You Are Competent? 85
How Can You Demonstrate Your Excellence in a Particular Area of Practice? 87
State Licensure 88
How Do You Know Your University Graduate Program Will Ensure You 90
Become Competent?
Summary 93
Critical Thinking 93
References 93
4 Professional Organizations 97
Sue T. Hale, MCD and Fred H. Bess, PhD
Introduction 97
Practical Dilemmas and Affiliation 97
How Do Professional Organizations Work? 98
ASHA: A National Professional Organization for Speech-Language 98
Pathologists and Audiologists
AAA: A National Professional Organization for Audiologists 102
Related Professional Organizations 104
State Organizations 105
Student Organizations 105
International Professional Organizations 106
Summary 106
Critical Thinking 106
References 107
Resources 107
5 Professional Ethics 109
Jaynee A. Handelsman, PhD
Introduction 109
Standards of Professional Conduct 109
Conflicts of Interest 110
The Role of Professional Associations 111
Ethical Issues in Practice Management 112
Ethical Issues in Supervision 113
Ethical Issues in Academia 114
Ethical Dilemmas 114
3 Establishing Competencies in Professional 83
Education, Certification, and Licensure
Lissa Power-deFur, PhD
Introduction 83
How Do You Know You Are Competent? 85
How Can You Demonstrate Your Excellence in a Particular Area of Practice? 87
State Licensure 88
How Do You Know Your University Graduate Program Will Ensure You 90
Become Competent?
Summary 93
Critical Thinking 93
References 93
4 Professional Organizations 97
Sue T. Hale, MCD and Fred H. Bess, PhD
Introduction 97
Practical Dilemmas and Affiliation 97
How Do Professional Organizations Work? 98
ASHA: A National Professional Organization for Speech-Language 98
Pathologists and Audiologists
AAA: A National Professional Organization for Audiologists 102
Related Professional Organizations 104
State Organizations 105
Student Organizations 105
International Professional Organizations 106
Summary 106
Critical Thinking 106
References 107
Resources 107
5 Professional Ethics 109
Jaynee A. Handelsman, PhD
Introduction 109
Standards of Professional Conduct 109
Conflicts of Interest 110
The Role of Professional Associations 111
Ethical Issues in Practice Management 112
Ethical Issues in Supervision 113
Ethical Issues in Academia 114
Ethical Dilemmas 114
8 Applying Evidence to Clinical Practice 165
Lizbeth H. Finestack, PhD and Stacy K. Betz, PhD
Introduction 165
Evidence-Based Practice 166
Evaluating Assessment Evidence 168
Using Assessment Evidence 173
Evaluating Intervention Evidence 175
Using Intervention Evidence: An Example 179
Summary 181
Critical Thinking 182
References 182
9 The Future of Science 185
Raymond D. Kent, PhD
Introduction 185
The Research Landscape: Types of Research 186
Funding for Research 191
Tensions, Pressures, and Opportunities 191
Science and Technology 193
Dissemination: The First Fruits of Research 194
Research on the Global Stage 195
Educating the Next Generation of Scientists in CSD 195
Summary 196
Critical Thinking 196
References 197
Section II E mployment Issues
10 Workforce Issues 203
Cathy DeRuiter, MA
Introduction 203
The Current Workforce 203
ASHA Membership and Affiliation Data 204
The Future: Factors Affecting Employment 208
Summary 210
Critical Thinking 210
References 210
Resources 211
11 Finding Employment 213
Mark DeRuiter, PhD, MBA
Introduction 213
Employment Settings 213
Job Search 214
Resumé 214
Cover Letter 216
Email Style Issues 216
Web-Based Applications 216
Letters of Recommendation/Verbal References 217
Interviewing Success 217
The Anatomy of an Interview 218
Electronic Interview Formats 221
Second Interviews 222
“Forbidden” Interview Questions 223
Considering the Benefits That Might Be Available to You 223
Salary and Benefits 224
Receiving the Offer 226
Making the Decision 228
Getting Started 228
Summary 229
Critical Thinking 229
References 229
Resources 229
Appendix 11–A Sample Resumé 231
12 Building Your Career 233
Marva Mount, MA and Melanie W. Hudson, MA
Introduction 233
Your First Year of Clinical Practice 233
Mentoring 234
Work Ethic and Professional Code of Ethics 235
Being Organized 236
Time Management and Work–Life Balance 237
Productivity 239
Teamwork 240
Politics in the Workplace 240
Networking 241
Performance Evaluations 242
Continuing Education and Advanced Education 243
Promotion and Advancement 244
Changing Employment 244
Summary 246
Critical Thinking 246
References 247
Resources 247
13 Support Personnel in Audiology and 249
Speech-Language Pathology
Diane Paul, PhD, Tricia Ashby, AuD, Lemmietta G. McNeilly, PhD, and
Steven D. Ritch, CRMT
Introduction 249
Rationale for Use of Support Personnel 250
Challenges Using Support Personnel 251
Evolving Professional Policies and Practices 252
Chronology of Ethical and Professional Practice Policies Related to the Use of 255
Support Personnel by Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists
State Regulations 257
Employment Trends of Support Personnel 258
Training for Support Personnel 259
Credentialing Assistants 261
Supervision of Support Personnel 261
Job Responsibilities of Support Personnel in Audiology 262
Job Responsibilities of Support Personnel in Speech-Language Pathology 263
Reimbursement of Services Provided by Support Personnel 263
Research Related to Support Personnel 263
Summary 267
Critical Thinking 268
Acknowledgments 268
Dedication 268
References 268
Appendix 13–A Support Personnel in Audiology and 276
Speech-Language Pathology: Key Word Definitions
Section III S etting-Specific Issues
14 Health Care Legislation, Regulation, and Financing 279
Jeffrey P. Regan, MA
Introduction 279
Medicare 279
Medicaid 280
Private Health Insurance 281
Coding Systems 281
Key Health Care Legislative and Regulatory Issues 282
Summary 285
Critical Thinking 286
References 286
15 Service Delivery in Health Care Settings 289
Alex Johnson, PhD and Jeffrey Johnson, PhD
Scope of Chapter 289
Health Care Settings and Key Responsibilities 290
Routine Considerations for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists 294
in Health Care
Measuring Change, Progress, and Outcomes 295
Documentation 297
Supervision of Others 300
Quality and Compliance with Regulatory Processes 300
Interprofessional Responsibilities and Competencies 301
Multicultural Issues and Health Disparities 302
Health Literacy 302
Some Future Considerations 303
Health Reform and Cost Control 303
Trends in Education for Health Settings 303
Entry-Level and Advanced Degrees for Practice 305
Telehealth 305
Summary 306
Critical Thinking 306
References 306
16 Education Policy and Service Delivery 311
Perry Flynn, MEd, Charlette M. Green, MS, and Marie Ireland, MEd
Introduction 311
Settings and Students: Statistics 312
Legal Foundations Affecting Services 313
Education Funding 315
Roles and Responsibilities in the Schools 316
The Process of Working in the Schools 316
Special Issues in School Settings 322
Audiology Services 328
Summary 328
Critical Thinking 328
References 329
Resources 330
17 Service Delivery Issues in Early Intervention 333
Corey Herd Cassidy, PhD
Introduction 333
What Is Early Intervention? 334
Family-Centered Services 337
Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Services 340
Developmentally Supportive Services in the Natural Environment 343
Comprehensive, Coordinated, and Team-Based Services 344
Services Based on the Highest Quality of Evidence 351
Other Considerations for Early Intervention Services in Natural Environments 353
Summary 354
Critical Thinking 354
References 355
18 Service Delivery Issues in Private Practice 361
Robin L. Edge, PhD
Introduction 361
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Private Practice 361
Private Practice Options 362
Business Plan 365
Location of Private Practice 367
Private Practice Credentials and Qualifications 367
Resources Needed for Private Practice 369
Payment for Services 370
Rates for Services 372
Billing 373
Outcomes Data for Private Practices 373
Networking 374
Summary 374
Critical Thinking 375
References 375
Resources 378
19 Strategically Promoting Access to Speech-Language 381
Pathology and Audiology Services
Brooke Hallowell, PhD
Introduction 381
Identifying Barriers to Access 381
Ensuring that Others Understand the Need for Our Services 383
Optimizing Reimbursement for Clinical Services 384
Ensuring Alternative Funding Approaches 386
Advancing Legislation to Improve Access 387
Advocating for Our Professions 387
Care Extenders 391
Expanding Access Through Technology 392
Educating the Public 394
Adjusting Service-Providing Environments 394
Summary 394
Critical Thinking 394
Acknowledgment 395
References 395
Section IV Working Productively
20 Documentation Issues 401
Barbara J. Moore, EdD
Introduction 401
General Principles of Documentation 401
Documentation in Educational Settings 402
Documentation in Health Care Settings 417
Documentation in Private Practice and University Clinics 419
Documentation for Audiological Services 420
Summary 421
Critical Thinking 421
References 421
Resources 423
21 Developing Leadership Skills 425
Gail J. Richard, PhD
Introduction 425
Roles of a Leader 425
Effective Leadership Skills 426
Pathways to Leadership 429
Fiduciary Responsibilities 432
Summary 434
Critical Thinking 434
References 435
22 Safety in the Workplace 437
Cynthia McCormick Richburg, PhD and Donna Fisher Smiley, PhD
Introduction 437
Regulatory Agencies 438
Accrediting Agencies 438
Policies, Procedures, and Trainings 439
Personal and Environmental Hazards 441
Infection Control in Clinical and Educational Settings 443
Confidentiality of Client and Research Participant Information 444
Summary 447
Critical Thinking 447
References 448
23 Overview of Interprofessional Practice 451
and Interprofessional Education
Alex Johnson, PhD
Introduction 451
Interprofessional Practice 452
Interprofessional Education 456
National and International Organizations and Resources for IPE and IPCP 458
Summary 459
Critical Thinking 459
References 459
24 Child Abuse and Elder Mistreatment 461
Carolyn Wiles Higdon, EdD
Introduction 461
Child Abuse and Neglect 462
Maltreatment and Neglect 462
Continuum of Abuse and Neglect 464
Causes and Risks 464
Munchausen by Proxy 465
Who Is an Abuser? 466
Extent of the Problem 466
Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect 466
What to Do If You Suspect Abuse 468
Who Is a Mandated Reporter of Abuse? 468
Elder Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation 469
Summary 477
Critical Thinking 477
References 477
Resources 479
Websites 480
Appendix 24–A Case 1: Joshua 482
Appendix 24–B Case 2: Sam 483
Appendix 24–C Case 3: Miriam 484
25 Working with Culturally and Linguistically 485
Diverse Populations
Shirley Huang, MS and Pui Fong Kan, PhD
Introduction 485
Demographic Profiles 486
Language Difference: Language Characteristics in Typical Bilinguals 489
Service Delivery for Children and Adults 490
Systems-Level Constraints Affecting Culturally-Linguistically Diverse Populations 493
Moving the Field Forward 495
Summary 497
Critical Thinking 497
References 497
Resources 503
Internet Resources 503
26 Supervision and Mentoring 505
Melanie W. Hudson, MA and Mary Sue Fino-Szumski, PhD, MBA
Introduction 505
A Brief History of Supervision and Mentoring 505
The Supervisory Process 507
Supervisory Style and Communication Skills 511
Transition: Supervisor to Mentor/Preceptor 513
Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines 514
Future Needs in Supervision and Mentoring 521
Summary 522
Critical Thinking 522
References 522
Resources 526
27 Technology for Student Training, 527
Professional Practice, and Service Delivery
Carol C. Dudding, PhD and Susan B. Ingram, PhD
Introduction 527
The Digital Revolution 527
Instruction and Training 528
Impact on Professional Practice Settings 529
Service Delivery 531
Ethical Considerations 534
Summary 535
Critical Thinking 535
References 536
Resources 538
28 Counseling 541
Michael Flahive, PhD
Introduction 541
Historical Context of Counseling in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology 542
Linking Counseling to Clinical Practice and Educational Training 543
Optimizing Information Exchanges 544
Building Working Relationships: Identifying Our Strengths and Developing 548
Our Skills
Advancing a Conceptual Framework for Addressing Emotional Needs: 548
Personal Adjustment Counseling
Advancing a Conceptual Framework for Addressing Emotional Needs: 551
Positive Psychology Approaches to Personal Adjustment Counseling
Building Working Relationships 552
Building Our Conceptual Framework 553
Other Considerations for a Personal Conceptual Framework 555
Going Forward and Putting It Together 555
Summary 556
Critical Thinking 557
References 557
Appendix 28–A Conversational Counseling Tools: Microskills 559
Appendix 28–B Counseling and Scopes of Practice 561
29 Stress, Conflict, and Coping in the Workplace 563
Lisa A. Scott, PhD
Introduction 563
What Is Stress? 563
Burnout and Compassion Fatigue 565
What Are the Risks for Experiencing Burnout? 566
Workplace Conflict 567
Coping with Stress: The Importance of Self-Care 572
Summary 575
Critical Thinking 575
References 575
Resources 578
30 Advocacy 579
Tommie L. Robinson, Jr., PhD and Janet Deppe, MS
Introduction 579
Definitions 580
Recognizing the Benefits of Being an Advocate 580
Advocacy Case Examples 581
Developing a Game Plan for Advocacy 582
Resources 584
Summary 584
Critical Thinking 584
References 584
Index 587