BRIEF CONTENTS
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
PART I • INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 • Introduction to Forensic Psychology
PART II • POLICE AND INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 • Police and Public Safety Psychology
CHAPTER 3 • Psychology of Investigations
PART III • LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 • Consulting and Testifying
CHAPTER 5 • Consulting with Criminal Courts
CHAPTER 6 • Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation
PART IV • CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 • The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior
CHAPTER 8 • Psychology of Violence and Intimidation
CHAPTER 9 • Psychology of Sexual Violence
PART V • VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM SERVICES
CHAPTER 10 • Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime
CHAPTER 11 • Family Violence and Child Victimization
PART VI • CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 12 • Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings
CHAPTER 13 • Juvenile Justice and Corrections
DETAILED CONTENTS
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
PART I • INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 • Introduction to Forensic Psychology
Chapter Objectives
The Forensic Sciences
Forensic Psychology: An Overview
Brief History of Forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology Today
Police and Public Safety Psychology
Legal Psychology
Psychology of Crime and Delinquency
Victimology and Victim Services
Correctional Psychology
Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and Forensic Social
Work
Ethical Issues
Careers in Psychology
Education and Training
Graduate Training, Doctoral Level
Licensure
Employment
The Applied Specialties
Forensic Psychology as a Specialty
Education and Training Requirements
Research and Practice Careers in Forensic Psychology
Police and Public Safety Psychology
Legal Psychology
Family Forensic Psychology
Psychology of Crime and Delinquency
Forensic School Psychology
Victimology and Victim Services
Correctional Psychology
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART II • POLICE AND INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 • Police and Public Safety Psychology
Chapter Objectives
Law Enforcement Numbers Today
Police Psychology: A Developing Profession
Forensic Assessment in Police and Public Safety Psychology
Police Culture
Job Analysis
Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond
Screening Out and Screening In
Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised
(MMPI-2)
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation (FFDE)
Special Unit Evaluations
Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public
Safety Personnel
Psychological Intervention Activities
Stress Management
Organizational Stress
Task-Related Stress
External Stress
Personal Stress
Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions
Police Suicide
Operational Responsibilities
Hostage-Taking Incidents
Crisis Negotiation
Consulting and Research Activities
Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues
Shooter Bias and Excessive Force
Shooter Bias
Dispatcher Information
Nonfatal Excessive Force
Police Corruption
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 3 • Psychology of Investigations
Chapter Objectives
Profiling
Crime Scene Profiling
Geographical Profiling
Suspect-Based Profiling
Psychological Profiling
The Psychological Autopsy
Eyewitness Evidence
Estimator and System Variables
Identifying the Face
Unconscious Transference
Own-Race Bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect (CRE)
Disguises
Weapon Focus
Effects of Alcohol and Drugs
Suggestive Questions
Lineups and Photo Spreads
Police Interviewing and Interrogation
Accusatorial Versus Information Gathering Approaches
Interrogation of Juveniles
False Confessions
Summary
Detection of Deception
Psychological Research on Deception
The Polygraph
Research on the Polygraph
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART III • LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 • Consulting and Testifying
Chapter Objectives
Court Structure and Jurisdiction
Federal Courts
State Courts
Military Courts
Civil and Criminal Courts
The Judicial Process
The Pretrial Stage
The Trial Stage
The Disposition Stage
The Appellate Stage
Amicus Curiae Briefs
Trial and Litigation Consultation
Scientific Jury Selection
Witness Preparation
The Voir Dire
Trial Consultation: The Main Concerns
Expert Testimony
Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific Evidence
The Confidentiality Issue
Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony
Surviving the Witness Stand
The Assessment of Risk
Can Violence Be Predicted?
Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction
Dynamic and Static Risk Factors
Risk Assessment Instruments
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 5 • Consulting with Criminal Courts
Chapter Objectives
Competency to Stand Trial
Legal Standard for Competency
Evaluating Adjudicative Competence
Competency Assessment Instruments
The Competency Screening Test (CST)
The MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool—Criminal
Adjudication (MacCAT-CA)
Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial—Revised
(ECST-R)
Other Measures of Competency
Assessment of Malingering
Restoration to Competency
Drugs and the Defendant Found Incompetent to Stand Trial
Insanity
Insanity Standards
Juries and the Insanity Defense
Incidence of Insanity Defense
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility
Instruments for Evaluation
Insanity Trials
Treatment of Defendants Found Not Guilty by Reason of
Insanity
Self-Representation: A Separate Issue
Other Psychological Defenses
Sentencing Evaluations
Capital Sentencing
Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 6 • Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation
Chapter Objectives
Family or Domestic Courts
Family Forensic Psychologists
Child Custody Evaluations
Custody Standards
The Ultimate Issue Question
Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases
Assessment Measures
Visitation Risk Assessments
Parental Relocation
Research on Custody Arrangements
Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation
Employment Compensation, Disability, and Personal Injury
Claims
Neuropsychological Damages
Psychological Tests Used for Personal Injury Claims
Civil Capacities
Testamentary Capacity
Legal Guardianship Determinations
Competence to Consent to Treatment
Measures of Competence to Consent to Treatment
Incapacitation: Special Condition
Medical Aid in Dying
Involuntary Civil Commitment
Outpatient Civil Commitment
Role of Forensic Psychologists
Sexual and Gender Harassment
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART IV • CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 • The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior
Chapter Objectives
The Juvenile Offender
Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States)
The Developmental Perspective
Executive Function (EF)
The Moffitt Developmental Theory
A Possible Expansion of Moffitt’s Two-Path Theory
Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model
The Social Brain and Peer Influence
U.S. Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Adolescent
Offending
Developmental Factors In The Formation Of Persistent Criminal
Behavior
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and
Delinquency
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Cognitive Ability and Crime
Intelligence
Language Development
Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection
Additional Social Developmental Influences
The Criminal Psychopath
General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy
Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths
Psychological Measures of Psychopathy
The PCL-R as a Risk Assessment Tool
Core Factors of Psychopathy
Triarchic Psychopathy Model (TriPM)
Juvenile Psychopathy
Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits
Appropriateness of PCL-R and PCL: YV For Testing
Adolescents
The Female Psychopath
Female Psychopaths Compared to Male Psychopaths
Racial/Ethnic Differences
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 8 • Psychology of Violence and Intimidation
Chapter Objectives
UCR Data on Violent Crime
Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence
Guns—A National Emergency
Theoretical Perspectives on Violence
The Causes of Violence
Neurobiological Factors
Socialization Factors
Cognitive Factors
Situational Factors
The Effects of Violent Media
Violent Video and Electronic Games
Threat Assessment
School Shootings
Incidence of School Shootings
School Threat Assessment
Types of School Threats
The Safe School Initiative (Ssi) Report
Updated Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School
Violence
Prevention of School Shootings and Other School Violence
Comprehensive Student Threat Assessment Guidelines
(CSTAG)
Workplace Violence
Workplace Homicides
Nonfatal Workplace Violence
Psychological Workplace Violence
Criminal Homicide
Multiple Murder
Serial Killers
Serial Killer Typologies
Public Mass Shootings
Reasons for the Increase in Public Mass Shootings
Who Are the Shooters?
Are Public Mass Shooters Mentally Ill?
Hate or Bias Crimes
Stalking: The Crime of Intimidation
When Does Stalking Usually Stop?
Predictions of Violence in Stalking Cases
Cyberstalking
Peer Non-Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying
Effects of Cyberbullying
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 9 • Psychology of Sexual Violence
Chapter Objectives
Definitions of Sexual Assault and Rape
Definitions for Gathering Statistics
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Statutory Rape Statistics
Rape by Fraud
Prevalence and Incidence of Rape and Other Sexual
Assaults
Date or Acquaintance Rape
Demographics of Sex Offenders
Typologies of Men Who Rape
The Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology
Aggression
Impulsivity
Social Competence
Sexual Fantasies
Sadism
Naïve Cognitions or Beliefs
Rape Myths
The MTC: R3
The Opportunistic Rapist (Types 1 and 2)
The Pervasively Angry Rapist (Type 3)
Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4 and 5)
Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists (Types 6 and
7)
Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9)
Summary
Child Sex Offenders
Definitions of Pedophilia
Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders
The MTC: CM3
The First Dimension
The Second Dimension
Female Sex Offender Typologies
Online Child Sexual Predators
Juvenile Sex Offenders
Female Juvenile Sex Offenders
Future Directions
Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders
Age Factors
Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Risk Assessment of Sex Offenders
Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders
Assessment of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART V • VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM SERVICES
CHAPTER 10 • Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime
Chapter Objectives
Multiculturalism and Victimization
Victims With Disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legal Rights of Victims
Victimization Data
Measurements of Victimization
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
The National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence
(NatSCEV)
Violent Victimization Committed by Strangers
Ethnic/Minority Differences in Criminal Victimization
Criminal Victimization as a Function of Age
Psychological Effects of Criminal Victimization
Psychological Impact of Violence
Homicide Victimization
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Death Notification
Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims
Psychological Services Following Mass Shootings
Psychological Services to Victims and Co-Victims of
Homicide: A Recap
Sexual Violence Victimization
Characteristics of the Victims
Age
Gender
Extent of Injury to Victims
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Intimate Partner and Dating Violence
Additional Victimization Data
Child Sexual Abuse
Interviewing Child Victims of Sexual Abuse
Psychological Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome (CSAAS)
Psychological Impact
Internet Victimization
Online Sexual Solicitation
Human Trafficking
Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking
Psychological Effects on CSEC Victims
Psychological Services
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 11 • Family Violence and Child Victimization
Chapter Objectives
Intimate Partner and Family Violence
The Typical Development of an IPV Relationship Based on
Power and Control
Psychological Characteristics of Batterers
Battered Woman Syndrome
Same-Sex IPV
Mental Health Needs of Children Exposed to IPV
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in IPV Cases
Risk Assessment: Is the Victim Safe?
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
Assessment of Victim Reactions
Necessary Training for IPV Assessment
Child Abuse
Types of Maltreatment
Pet Abuse
Dynamics of Family Violence
Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide
Medical Child Abuse
Abusive Head Trauma
Repressed and Recovered Memories
Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory
Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its Limitations
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Child Abuse Cases
Child Abduction
Family Abduction
Slight Acquaintance and Stranger Child Abductions
NISMART
NISMART-3
Psychological Impact of Family Abduction
Elder Abuse and Neglect
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Elder Abuse Cases
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART VI • CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 12 • Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings
Chapter Objectives
Institutional Corrections
Privatization
Overview of Correctional Facilities
Legal Rights of Inmates
Right to Treatment
Right to Refuse Treatment
Right to Rehabilitation
Prison Transfers
Privacy and Confidentiality
Rights to Competency for Execution
Rights of Pretrial Detainees
The Extent of Inmates With Mental Disorders
Segregation
Roles of the Correctional Psychologist
Psychological Assessment in Corrections
Initial Inmate Screening and Classification
Competency to Be Executed
Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities
Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity (RNR)
Treatment of Special Populations
Substance-Abusing Offenders
Violent Offenders
Criminal Psychopaths
Sex Offenders
Women Prisoners
Treatment in Jail Settings
Obstacles to the Treatment Of Inmates
Confidentiality
Coercion
Environment
Community-Based Corrections
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 13 • Juvenile Justice and Corrections
Chapter Objectives
Data and Overview of Important Issues
A Brief History of the Juvenile Court
Supreme Court Decisions
Juvenile Assessment: An Overview
Risk Assessment
Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights
False Confessions
Evaluating Adjudicative Competence
MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study
Juvenile Amenability to Rehabilitation
Waiver Decisions
Disposition
Conducting the Evaluation
Out-of-Home Placements
Juvenile Detention
Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities
Approaches to Rehabilitation
Group Home Models
Family Preservation Models
Multisystemic Therapy
Functional Family Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Substance Abuse Models
Violence-Prevention Programs
Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs
Summary of Institutional Treatment
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Glossary
Cases Cited
References
Author Index
Subject Index
LIST OF BOXES, TABLES, AND FIGURES
FROM MY PERSPECTIVE BOXES
1.1 Dr. Sharon Kelley: Blending Psychology, Law, Research, and
Friendships 15
2.1 Dr. Matthew J. Sharps: Eyewitness Memory and Forensic Cognitive
Science 60
3.1 Dr. Amy Bradfield Douglass: Applying Psychological Science to Solve
Problems of the Legal System 94
4.1 Dr. Daniel Reisberg: Improving the Legal System Through
Psychological Science 147
5.1 Dr. Michael J. Vitacco: Evaluating Persons Found NGRI for Conditional
Release 189
6.1 Dr. Jennifer Groscup: Say “Yes” and Don’t be Afraid to Explore 219
7.1 Dr. Colleen Berryessa: Neuroscience, Genetics, Mental Illness, and
More 250
8.1 Dr. Neil Gowensmith: A Dream Career Confronts Reality 306
10.1 Dr. Kamala London: Study What You Love and the Job Will Come
421
12.1 Dr. Craig Haney: The Pursuit of Things That Matter 499
13.1 Dr. Erika Fountain: Have a Plan, But Be Ready to Take the Side
Roads 532
FOCUS BOXES
Focus 1.1 Selected Historical Benchmarks Pertinent to Forensic
Psychology 9
Focus 2.1 Policing During a Pandemic 55
Focus 2.2 Community-Oriented Policing and Law and Order Policing: Can
They Coexist? 56
Focus 2.3 Firefighters, EMTs, and More 63
Focus 2.4 Shooter Bias 71
Focus 3.1 Eyewitness Identification: Courts Weigh In 98
Focus 3.2 The Cognitive Interview 102
Focus 4.1 Mental Health Courts 134
Focus 4.2 A Victory for LGBTQ Rights 143
Focus 5.1 Factors Common to FMHAs 170
Focus 5.2 Legal Burdens of Proof 174
Focus 5.3 A Long-Unsolved Child Abduction 183
Focus 6.1 Family Court—Some Sad Outcomes 211
Focus 6.2 Compassion and Choice: Is There a Right to Medical Aid in
Dying? 230
Focus 7.1 Juvenile Risk Taking Decreases: Why? 254
Focus 7.2 Three Juveniles: What Were They Really Like? 265
Focus 8.1 Expert Report on Gun Violence 301
Focus 8.2 Victimization of Teachers 311
Focus 8.3 Hatred on Display 337
Focus 9.1 Sexual Violence and the Military 355
Focus 9.2 The Persistence of Rape Myths 364
Focus 10.1 Serving Immigrant Populations 398
Focus 10.2 Crime Victims’ Rights Act of 2004 401
Focus 10.3 Sexual Victimization of Males 416
Focus 10.4 Preventing Human Trafficking, Helping Survivors 431
Focus 11.1 Violence During a Health Crisis 437
Focus 11.2 State-Dependent Memory 462
Focus 11.3 Infantile Amnesia 464
Focus 12.1 Corporatizing Punishment 486
Focus 12.2 Career Opportunities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons 489
Focus 12.3 Moore v. Texas: Intellectual Disability and Death, Revisited
503
Focus 12.4 Death Is Different 506
Focus 12.5 The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Key Elements 514
Focus 13.1 Juvenile Residential Facilities: A One-Day Snapshot 525
Focus 13.2 From Michael C. to J. D. B.: Questions of Interrogation and
Custody 537
Focus 13.3 Youth in Confinement 548
Focus 13.4 A Cognitive Intervention Program For Juveniles 556
TABLES
Table 1.1 Specialties in Professional Psychology and Year of Initial
Recognition by the APA 21
Table 1.2 Colleges and Universities Offering Graduate Programs in
Forensic and/or Legal Psychology 23
Table 1.3 Recommended Components for Doctoral-Level Forensic
Psychology Training Programs 23
Table 2.1 Common Activities and Tasks of Police and Public Safety
Psychologists 40
Table 2.2 Residents With Police Contact Who Experienced Threat or Use
of Force, by Race or Hispanic Origin, 2015 75
Table 3.1 Forms of Profiling and Key Weaknesses of Each 83
Table 3.2 Examples of Estimator and System Variables 97
Table 3.3 Summary of Nine Recommendations for Conducting Police
Lineups (Both Live and Photo Spreads) 106
Table 3.4 Categories and Examples of Major Interrogation Techniques 107
Table 3.5 Myths and Realities Relevant to False Confessions and the
Ability to Detect Deception 113
Table 4.1 Some Differences Between Civilian Criminal Courts and Military
Courts 132
Table 4.2 Selected Cases Cited in This Chapter 141
Table 4.3 Some Examples of Static and Dynamic Risk Factors 160
Table 5.1 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Competency to Stand Trial 168
Table 5.2 Representative Insanity Tests in State and Federal Law 180
Table 5.3 Representative Insanity Cases 180
Table 5.4 Selected Findings From a Study of Sanity Evaluations 186
Table 6.1 Roles and Sample Tasks of Psychologists and Other Mental
Health Professionals in Family Courts 203
Table 6.2 Emotional Problems or Mental Disorders in Parents to Be
Considered in Child Custody Evaluations 206
Table 6.3 Sample Factors Considered in Relocation Decision Making* 215
Table 7.1 Juvenile Arrests for Violent and Property Crimes, 2018 248
Table 7.2 Core Cognitive Processes of Executive Function and Definitions
253
Table 7.3 Gardner’s Different Intelligences Model 273
Table 7.4 Summary Table of Four Core Factors of Psychopathy 283
Table 7.5 Features of the Triarchic Psychopathy Model (TriPM)* 284
Table 8.1 Some Tasks Associated With Threat Assessment 309
Table 8.2 Key Findings of the U.S. Secret Service Targeted School
Violence Study 317
Table 8.3 Age Distribution of Murder Offenders, 2018 326
Table 9.1 Rape and Sexual Assault Victimizations Against Women and
Girls Reported and Not Reported to Police, 2005–2010 354
Table 9.2 Various Paraphilias and Their Definitions 368
Table 10.1 Rates of Violent Victimization of Persons With Disabilities by
Disability Type During the 5-Year Aggregate Period, 2011–2015 399
Table 10.2 Rate of Violent Victimization by Race of the Victim per 1,000
Persons Age 12 or Older 406
Table 10.3 Family Relationship of Victim to Offender, 2018 409
Table 10.4 Murder by Family and Other Known or Unknown Relationships,
2018 409
Table 11.1 Murder Circumstances, by Victim Relationship to Offender,
2015* 436
Table 12.1 Prisoners in 2017—Selected Findings 482
Table 12.2 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Inmates Cited in Chapter 491
Table 13.1 Common Terms Used in Juvenile Courts 527
Table 13.2 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Juveniles* 534
Table 13.3 Number and Types of Facilities Holding Youth in Residential
Placement Nationwide, Including Both Detained and Committed Youth 545
FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Structure of the Federal Court System 129
Figure 7.1 Steinberg’s Dual System Model 261
Figure 8.1 Five-Year Trend in Violent Crime 297
Figure 8.2 Violent and Property Crime Distribution in the United States,
2018 297
Figure 8.3 CSTAG School Threat Assessment Decision Tree 320
Figure 8.4 Workplace Homicides Due to Shootings, by Industry, 2010 322
Figure 9.1 Breakdown of Four Categorizations of Rapist Types Into Nine
Rapist Subtypes (MTC: R3) 367
Figure 9.2 A Flow Chart of the Decision Process for Classifying Child
Molesters (MTC:CM3) 374
Figure 10.1 Age Distribution of Victims of Sexual Violence 415