Contents
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ix
About this book………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………x
Expert reviewers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….xi
Credits……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xii
Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xiii
Dedications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xiii
Introduction
Conceptual overview………………………………………………………………. 2
Surface anatomy……………………………………………………………………….. 2
Anatomical position and planes………………………………….. 2
Anatomical terms………………………………………………………………. 3
Movement……………………………………………………………………………. 3
Fascia………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Skin………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Skin color………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Dermatomes and myotomes……………………………………….. 6
Natural variation…………………………………………………………………. 6
Palpation and percussion………………………………………………. 7
Ultrasound……………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Ultrasound theory……………………………………………………………… 7
Doppler………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Types of transducer………………………………………………………….. 9
Imaging planes…………………………………………………………………… 9
Screen orientation…………………………………………………………….. 9
Ergonomics…………………………………………………………………………10
Manipulating the transducer……………………………………….10
Short-axis and long-axis views……………………………………11
Image terminology…………………………………………………………..11
Appearance of tissues…………………………………………………….12
Thorax
Conceptual overview……………………………………………………………..15
Surface anatomy………………………………………………………………………15
Bones……………………………………………………………………………………..15
Muscles…………………………………………………………………………………15
Breast……………………………………………………………………………………..18
Thoracic cavity…………………………………………………………………..18
Ultrasound…………………………………………………………………………………..26
Anterior muscles of the thorax and lungs……………..26
Heart………………………………………………………………………………………26
Video 2.1 Colour Doppler ultrasound image sequence of the
heart – apical view.
Abdomen
Conceptual overview……………………………………………………………..30
Surface anatomy………………………………………………………………………30
Bones……………………………………………………………………………………..30
Abdominal regions…………………………………………………………..30
Muscles…………………………………………………………………………………32
Viscera……………………………………………………………………………………34
Ultrasound…………………………………………………………………………………..41
Anterior abdominal musculature……………………………….41
Gastrointestinal tract……………………………………………………….42
Liver………………………………………………………………………………………..43
Kidney……………………………………………………………………………………46
Spleen……………………………………………………………………………………46
Pancreas……………………………………………………………………………….47
Vasculature………………………………………………………………………….47
Video 3.1 B-mode ultrasound image sequence of the jejunum –
transverse view.
Pelvis and perineum
Conceptual overview……………………………………………………………..51
Surface anatomy ……………………………………………………………………..51
Bones……………………………………………………………………………………..51
Muscles…………………………………………………………………………………51
Viscera……………………………………………………………………………………51
Perineum………………………………………………………………………………56
Pregnancy……………………………………………………………………………58
Ultrasound…………………………………………………………………………………..59
Male pelvis…………………………………………………………………………..59
Female pelvis……………………………………………………………………..60
Video 4.1 Colour Doppler ultrasound image sequence of the
bladder – mid-sagittal view
Back
Conceptual overview……………………………………………………………..66
Surface anatomy………………………………………………………………………66
Curvatures……………………………………………………………………………66
Bones……………………………………………………………………………………..66
Ligaments…………………………………………………………………………….67
Joints……………………………………………………………………………………..69
Muscles…………………………………………………………………………………69
Movements…………………………………………………………………………71
Vertebral canal and spinal nerves………………………………71
Ultrasound…………………………………………………………………………………..77
Upper limb
Conceptual overview……………………………………………………………..84
Surface anatomy………………………………………………………………………84
Shoulder……………………………………………………………………………….84
Axilla……………………………………………………………………………………….87
Arm…………………………………………………………………………………………89
Forearm…………………………………………………………………………………91
Hand………………………………………………………………………………………98
Neurovascular structures…………………………………………….103
Ultrasound………………………………………………………………………………..109
Scalene triangle………………………………………………………………109
Shoulder region……………………………………………………………………..110
Deltoid muscle………………………………………………………………..110
Rotator cuff muscles……………………………………………………..110
Anterior arm……………………………………………………………………..113
Posterior arm……………………………………………………………………115
Elbow………………………………………………………………………………….115
Anterior forearm……………………………………………………………..118
Posterior forearm……………………………………………………………121
Hand……………………………………………………………………………………123
Video 6.1 B-mode ultrasound image sequence of the
long flexor tendons immediately proximal to the wrist –
long-axis view
Lower limb
Conceptual overview…………………………………………………………..127
Surface anatomy……………………………………………………………………127
Gluteal region………………………………………………………………….127
Thigh……………………………………………………………………………………127
Knee joint………………………………………………………………………….134
Leg……………………………………………………………………………………….136
Foot……………………………………………………………………………………..137
Neurovascular structures…………………………………………….143
Ultrasound………………………………………………………………………………..150
Gluteal region………………………………………………………………….150
Femoral triangle……………………………………………………………..150
Anterior thigh………………………………………………………………….152
Knee…………………………………………………………………………………….152
Medial thigh and adductor canal……………………………156
Posterior thigh and popliteal fossa…………………………156
Anterior leg………………………………………………………………………159
Posterior leg……………………………………………………………………..160
Lateral leg………………………………………………………………………….162
Video 7.1 Colour Doppler ultrasound image sequence of the
femoral artery and vein in the thigh – long-axis view
Head and neck
Conceptual overview…………………………………………………………..166
Surface anatomy……………………………………………………………………166
Head…………………………………………………………………………………….166
Neck…………………………………………………………………………………….175
Lymph…………………………………………………………………………………179
Neurovascular………………………………………………………………….180
Ultrasound………………………………………………………………………………..183
Eye………………………………………………………………………………………..183
Parotid gland……………………………………………………………………184
Submandibular gland…………………………………………………..184
Floor of the oral cavity…………………………………………………184
Carotid system………………………………………………………………..185
Thyroid gland…………………………………………………………………..189
Posterior triangle of neck……………………………………………190
Video 8.1 Colour Doppler ultrasound image sequence of the
internal and external carotid arteries (red) and internal jugular
vein (blue) in the neck – short-axis view.
Index……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..191
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